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Neurology - professional - batt > Physiology of the auditory system > Flashcards

Physiology of the auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is intensity in a sound wave determined by?

A

amplitude

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2
Q

What is pitch in a sound wave determined by?

A

frequency

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3
Q

What is timbre?

A

qulity of the sound

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4
Q

What is impedence matching?

A

high impedence of fluid in the cochlea so middle ear bones overcome the loss of sound by increasing the sound pressure

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5
Q

What are the three mechanisms for impedence matching?

A

area ratio of the ear drum to the stapes footplate; lever action of the ossicles-arm of malleus is longer than incus; buckling of the ear drum

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6
Q

What is foudn in the floor of the scala media?

A

basilar membrane which contains the organ of corti

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7
Q

What is found in the ceiling of the scala media?

A

reissners membrane

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8
Q

What two areas are separated by reissners membrane?

A

scala vestibuli and scala media

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9
Q

What 2 areas are separated by the basilar membrane?

A

scala media and scala tympani

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10
Q

What area is connected to the round window?

A

scala tympani

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11
Q

Where do the scala tympani and scala vestibuli connect?

A

helicotrema

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12
Q

What determines the distance a particular frequency travels?

A

the width and flexibility of the basilar membrane

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13
Q

How does the basilar membrane change as you go through the cochlea?

A

gets thinner and wider

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14
Q

Where do low frequencies vibrate the basilar membrane?

A

near the apex- thinner

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15
Q

Where are the cilia of the organ of corti embedded?

A

in the tectorial membrane

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16
Q

Where do the cells of the organ of corti sit?

A

on the basilar membrane

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17
Q

Where does the organ of corti synapse?

A

the spiral ganglion

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18
Q

What does force towards kinocilium cause?

A

opens TRPA1 channel letting K into cell, depolarising

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19
Q

What is the function of outer hair cells?

A

control stiffness, amplify membrane vibration- efferent input

20
Q

What protein in the membrane of outer haircells can change the length of the cell?

A

prestin

21
Q

What is the response of a outer hair cell to sound?

A

receptor potenetial and a change in length

22
Q

Why does K travel into the cell in contrast to in otehr parts of the body?

A

there is a higher K conc. than normal in endolymph so conc. grad inwards

23
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms for frequency coding?

A

place code ( where on the basilar membrane vibrates); temporal code

24
Q

What is temporal coding in the auditory nerve?

A

APs are generated at the same frequency as the sound wave

25
Q

How can APs be generated at the same frequncy as sound wave if there is a limit on the number of APs per minute?

A

summation- all neurons innervating a sinle hair cell code freuqncy together

26
Q

What is the auditory system pathway?

A

cochlea–cochlear nucleus in medulla–superior olivary nucleus–inferior colliculus–medial geniculate body–audotory cortex

27
Q

What are the 3 different cochlear nuclei in the medulla?

A

dorsal cochlear nucleus; posteroventral cochlear nucleus; anteroventral cochlear nucleus

28
Q

What is the function of the superior olivary nucleus in the auditory pathway?

A

locate sound sources in space

29
Q

What is the function of the medial superior olive?

A

computes sound arrival at the two ears–ipsilateral ear earlier than contraltaeral

30
Q

What part of the vestibular system is responsible for head angular acceleration?

A

semicircular canals

31
Q

What part of the vestibular system is responsible for head linear acceleration?

A

saccule and utricle

32
Q

What deforms the hair cells in the labyrinth?

A

acceleration/gravity

33
Q

What direction of the stereocilia causes depolarisation?

A

towards the kinocilium

34
Q

What is the crista?

A

sheet of cells where hair cells are clustered

35
Q

Where do the cilia project into?

A

cupula

36
Q

What plane is the saccule concerned with?

A

vertical plane

37
Q

what plane of movement is the utricle concerned with?

A

horixontal plane

38
Q

Where do the hair cells lie in the otolith organs?

A

macula

39
Q

What divides the hair cells in the otolith organs?

A

striola

40
Q

What is the orientation of the hair cell cilia in the otolith organs?

A

in all directions

41
Q

What are otoconia?

A

crystals of calcium carbonate that lie on the otolithic membrane-gravity

42
Q

What is the function of the striola of the macula?

A

allows otolith organs to have multidirectional sensitivity

43
Q

What is the signal of the macular affferents?

A

tonic, deviations from which are sensitive to acceleration

44
Q

What are the 3 main vestibular reflexes?

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex; vestibulo-colic reflex and the vestibular-spinal reflex

45
Q

What is the function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

keep the eyes still in space when the head moves

46
Q

What is the function of the vestibulo-colic reflex?

A

keeps the head on a level plane when you walk

47
Q

What is the function of the vestibul-spinal reflex?

A

adjusts posture for rapid changes in position

Neurology - professional - batt (40 decks)

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