Brain Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common extra-axial tumour?

A

meningioma

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2
Q

What are the most common presentation symptoms with brain tumours?

A

progressive neuro deficit-usually motor; headache; seizures

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3
Q

What are the features of a brain tumour headache ?

A

worse in the morning; wakes them up; increases with coughing and leaning forward; associated with vomiting

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4
Q

What is the cause of headache with a brain tumour?

A

raised ICP; invasion/compression of dura, periosteum; 2ry to diplopia or difficult focusing; extreme HT; psychogenic

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5
Q

What CN palsy do you get with a transtentorial hernation?

A

CNIII

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6
Q

What is the most common brain tumour?

A

astrocytoma

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7
Q

What does the presence of necrosis in an astrocytic tumour mean in terms of grading?

A

grade IV- GBM

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8
Q

Who gets pliocytomas?

A

children and young adults

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9
Q

What is the tx for pliocytomas?

A

surgery-curative

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10
Q

Where do grade 2 astrocytomas tend to appear?

A

temporal lobe; posterior frontal and anterior parietal

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11
Q

What is the typical presentation of low grade astrocytomas?

A

seizures

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12
Q

Why can low grade astrocytomas not be considered benign?

A

will transform into malignant over time

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13
Q

What are the signs of poor progrnosis of low grade astrocytoma?

A

age >45; low performance score; large tumour/crossing midline; incomplete resection

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14
Q

What is the treatment for low grade atrocytomas?

A

surgery plus chemo and radio

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15
Q

Where do GBMs tend to spread?

A

white metter/ CSF pathways

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16
Q

What is the function of surgery in GBM?

A

reduce mass effect- survivial quality rather curative

17
Q

What are the driving implications for GBM?

A

not safe to drive as seizure risk

18
Q

What are the SE of radiotherapy in brain tumours?

A

drops IQ by 10; tiredness; skin and hair

19
Q

Where are oligodendroglial tumours typically found?

A

frontal lobes

20
Q

who gets oligodendroglial tumours?

A

adults 25-45

21
Q

How can oligodendroglial tumours be distinguished from astrocytomas?

A

have peripheral calcification; cysts and peritumoural haemorrhages

22
Q

What is the tx for oligodendroglial tumours?

A

surgery + chemo and radio

23
Q

What symptoms are seen in children with brain tumours?

A

tiptoeing; ataxia; vomiting with HA

24
Q

What other conditions are associated with meningiomas?

A

breast cancer and NFII; radiation induced- eg after childhood leukaemia

25
Q

What is the gender ratio for meningioma?

A

M:F 2:3

26
Q

What are the symptoms of meningioma?

A

often asymptomatic; HA; CN neuropathies if at skull base

27
Q

What is seen on imaging with meningiomas?

A

CT- homogenous, densely enhacnign; oedema; hyperostosis

MRI- dural tail

28
Q

Why is preoperative embolisation done with meningiomas?

A

usually quite vascular tumours so eases complete tumour resection by reducing op time and blood lsos

29
Q

What are the symptoms of acoustic neuromas?

A

hearing loss; tinnitus and dysequilibrium

30
Q

What are the complications of surgery with acoustic neuroma?

A

facial nerve palsy; loss of cornal reflex; nystagmus; abnormal eye movement

31
Q

What tests should be done for all midline brain tumours in children?

A

ALP; HCG and LDH (germ cell tumours)

32
Q

What is the most common CNS germ cell tumour?

A

germinomas

33
Q

What is the treatment for prolactinomas?

A

cabergoline

34
Q

What is the treatment for GH secreting tumours?

A

surgey and somatostatin analogues