Treatment Options: Chemotherapy Flashcards
chemo is a _____ treatment
systemic
what does it mean to be a “systemic” treatment?
treats the whole body/whole body is effected
chemo is different from RT and surgery how?
chemo is a systemic trt and RT and surgery are localized
______ = damages tumor cells
cytotoxic
Cytotoxic agents like chemo, can damage both tumor and normal cells - what is the difference?
tumor cells will not grow back, normal cells though damaged, can recover
… just like RT
chemo affects cells differently when?
in different cell cycle phases
cancer cells in general ______ quicker, making them ___more/less___ sensitive to chemo, and RT
proliferate (divide) quicker
T/F: chemo can be used alone and OR WITH other trt modalities
TRUE
how can chemo be administered? (5)
topically (skin)
intrathecally (spine)
intraperitoneally (injected into abdomen)
intravenously (IV)
orally (mouth)
for what admin route of chemo does an MD HAVE to be present and administer?
intrathecally (spine)
the following are types of chemo drug classifications -
_______ agents, nitro______, anti_______, _________ antibiotics, h______ agents, _______ inhibitors, ______ alkaloids, ______steroids
alkylating agents, nitrosoureas, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, hormonal agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, vinca alkaloids, corticosteroids
what chemo drug classification has a chemical structure similar to mustard gas?
alkylating agents
how do alkylating agents stop cell division?
by damaging DNA and hindering nucleic acids
what specific cell cycle, if any, does alkylating agents affect?
they are not cell cycle specific and can work during any cell cycle phase
alkylating agents are used to treat what cancers?
lung
ovarian
lymphoma; Hodgkins
multiple myeloma
breast
leukemia
Sarcoma
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
carboplatin
cisplatin
cyclophosphamide
dacarbazine
ifosfamide
lomustine
alkylating agents
what chemo drug classification is a subgroup of alkylating agents?
nitrosoureas
how do nitrosoureas stop cell division?
-they hinder DNA synthesis
-cross the BBB (blood brain barrier) into the brain –> they are lipid soluble
which chemo drug classification is lipid soluble and can cross the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)
nitrosoureas
what specific cell cycle, if any, do nitrosoureas affect?
they are not cell cycle specific
what cancer do nitrosoureas treat?
brain tumors
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
carmustine
lomustine
streptozcin
nitrosoureas
how do antimetabolites stop cell division?
-they disturb formation of nucleic acids and cell reproduction
-act as substitutes for nucleic acids during DNA and RNA formation
what specific cell cycle, if any, do antimetabolites affect?
they are more affective during the S phase
what cancers do antimetabolites treat?
leukemia
breast
ovarian
intestinal tract - small//large
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
5 FU
methotrexate
gemcitabine
xeloda
hydroxurea
antimetabolites
how do antitumor antibiotics stop cell division?
-stop DNA/RNA transcription
-does not treat infection, treats tumors
what specific cell cycle, if any, do antitumor antibiotics affect?
they are not specific overall, however! are more effective during S and G2 phases
what cancers do antitumor antibiotics treat?
various cancers
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
Adriamycin
bleomycin
antitumor antibiotics
_____ chemo drug can cause CARDIAC toxicity
Adriamycin
_____ chemo drug can cause LUNG toxicity
bleomycin
how do hormonal agents stop cell division?
by removing/replacing natural hormones
what specific cell cycle, if any, do hormonal agents affect?
they aren’t cell cycle specific
what cancers do hormonal agents treat?
breast
prostate
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
tamoxifen
leuprolide
hormonal agents
what chemo drug classification are plant alkaloids?
topoisomerase inhibitors
how do topoisomerase inhibitors stop cell division?
they interfere with enzymes & DNA replication
what specific cell cycle, if any, do topoisomerase inhibitors affect?
they are not cell cycle specific
what cancers do topoisomerase inhibitors treat?
some leukemias and lung cancers
ovarian
GI tract
colorectal
pancreas
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
topotecan
etoposide
topoisomerase inhibitors
enzymes are known as _________
topoisomerases
_______ help separate strands of DNA to prepare for copying
enzymes
what chemo drug classification originates from the periwinkle plant?
vinca alkaloids
how do vinca alkaloids stop cell division?
they stop cell replication
what specific cell cycle, if any, do vinca alkaloids affect?
M phase (Metaphase)
-they stop cell replication in metaphase
what cancers do vinca alkaloids treat?
myeloma
breast’
lymphoma
lung cancers
leukemias
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
vincristine
vinblastine
paclitaxel
vinca alkaloids
what chemo drug classification can treat cancer, but also prevent side effects of chemo like nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions
corticosteroids
how do corticosteroids stop cell division?
-they are natural hormones
-hormone like drugs
the following are examples of what chemo drug classification?
-prednisone
-dexamethasone
corticosteroids
what chemo combo does Breast cancer use?
CMF
-cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5 FU
what chemo combo does NHL (Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma) use?
CHOP
-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone
what chemo combo(s) does HL (Hodgkins Lymphoma) use?
ABVD = adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine
MOPP = nitrogen mustard, oncovin, prednisone, procarbazine
what specific agents make up chemo combo CHOP
-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone
what specific agents make up chemo combo MOPP
- nitrogen mustard, oncovin, prednisone, procarbazine
what specific agents make up chemo combo ABVD
- adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine
what specific agents make up chemo combo CMF
- cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5 FU
