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Laura Nappi online course > Radiation Treatment Techniques > Flashcards

Radiation Treatment Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

what radiation therapy technique requires 3D imaging? – IMRT or 3D-CRT

A

3D-CRT

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2
Q

T/F: 3D-CRT is more accurate than 2D

A

true

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3
Q

2D is technique used for _____

A

fluoro

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4
Q

3D-CRT fields conform to what _______?

A

target volume

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5
Q

which treatment technique has uniform intensity? IMRT or 3D-CRT

A

3D-CRT

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6
Q

what planning (Forward or Inverse) does 3D-CRT use?

A

Forward planning

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7
Q

T/F: MLCs, jaws, wedges, compensators can all be used still by 3D-CRT

A

true

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8
Q

____ treatment planning creates DRRs

A

3D

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9
Q

what does 3D-CRT stand for?

A

3D Conformal Radiation Therapy

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10
Q

what does IMRT stand for?

A

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

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11
Q

________ varies throughout an IMRT beam, intentionally

A

intensity

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12
Q

_______ = smaller beams

A

beamlets

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13
Q

how does a non-uniform dose (like with IMRT) optimize dose to target volume?

A

higher doses can get to tumor while minimizing dose to surrounding tissues

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14
Q

IMRT uses what planning? Forward or Inverse

A

INVERSE planning

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15
Q

choppy starfish represents IMRT step n shoot, or IMRT dynamic

A

IMRT step n shoot

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16
Q

static/step n shoot IMRT gantry is _____ while beam is ON

A

not moving

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17
Q

rotating/VMAT gantry is _____ while beam is ON

A

moving … MLCs going too

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18
Q

Step n Shoot MLCs can also be referred to as ________ MLCs

A

segmental MLCs

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19
Q

when MLCs move while beam is PAUSED or OFF, what do we call this?

A

segmental MLCs/Step n Shoot

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20
Q

when MLCs move while beam is ON and delivering treatment, what do we call this?

A

dynamic

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21
Q

what is one way we can identify if the technique is VMAT on a plan?

A

we would typically see arrows, which represent the ARCS/ROTATION of VMAT

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22
Q

the following depicts 3D-CRT or IMRT?

A

3D-CRT

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23
Q

the following depicts Dynamic IMRT or Step n Shoot IMRT

A

Step n Shoot

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24
Q

the following depicts 3D-CRT or VMAT?

A

VMAT

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25
Q

each time MLCs re-shape during step n shoot, it is considered what?

A

a sub-field

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26
Q

MLCs move at speeds of ____ per second

A

2 cm per second

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27
Q

T/F: MLCs are controlled by a computer system which is simultaneously monitoring leaf position as well

A

true

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28
Q

what is it called when the gantry is rotating but MLCS are NOT moving?

A

Non-Volumetric ARC therapy

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29
Q

Non-Volumetric ARC therapy can also be called what?

A

Dynamic Conformal ARC Therapy; DCA or DAT for short

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30
Q

what is difference between VMAT and Non-Conformal ARC Therapy?

A

VMAT - both gantry and MLCs move
DCA/DAT - gantry moves but MLCs are stationary

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31
Q

Non-volumetric ARC therapy uses what type of plan?

A

3D; planned like a 3D plan using FORWARD planning - but dose distributions are much better than stationary 3D plans

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32
Q

Non- Volumetric ARC therapy is used for what type of tumors?

A

typically used for deep seated tumors, that are NOT located near OARs w/ low tolerance doses

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33
Q

electrons are/use ______ beams

A

monoenergetic

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34
Q

electrons treat ___deep/superficial___ tumors

A

superficial

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35
Q

electrons treat tumors that are ____ cm deep

A

<5cm deep

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36
Q

clinically electrons have an energy range of ___-___ MeV

A

6-20 MeV

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37
Q

electrons lose _____ quickly in matter

A

energy

38
Q

_____ have a sharp dose reduction/fall off after dmax

A

electrons

39
Q

electrons _____ easily in air

A

scatter

40
Q

since electrons scatter easily in air, what do they require for treatment?
*hint - it is an accessory

A

they require electron cones to combat the scatter

41
Q

PDD at skin surface is __-__& for electrons , whereas it is _____ at skin surface for photons

A

electrons have a 80-90% PDD at skin surface; photons have 30% PDD at skin surface

42
Q

practical range depth of electrons is calculated using what formula?

A

MeV / 2

43
Q

T/F: range and penetration are interchangeable and are same thing

A

true

44
Q

as energy increases, so will range/penetration in patient, BUT electrons have ___________ so deeper organs and tissues will receive little to no dose

A

rapid dose fall off

45
Q

the following depicts what treatment technique? - electron or photon

A

electron

46
Q

SRS treatments are typically treated on ________ and __________, but can still be on LINACs

A

gammaknife and cyberknife

47
Q

SRS is typically used for brain, but what can be an exception?

A

spine

48
Q

______ treatment technique treats tumors in cranium at very high doses

A

SRS

49
Q

SRS stands for what? -

A

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

50
Q

SRS treats tumors that are ___ in size

A

< 3 cm

51
Q

how many fractions is an SRS treatment?

A

1

52
Q

what is the dosimetric accuracy needed for SRS?

A

+/- 5%

53
Q

what is the positional accuracy needed for SRS?

A

+/- 1 mm

54
Q

for what treatment is a rigid frame attached to patient’s skull?

A

SRS

55
Q

an SRS frame creates what?

A

a coordinate system

56
Q

when are MRIs and CTs taken when an SRS frame is used?

A

after the frame is attached to patient’s skull

57
Q

what are possible trts for SRS?; cancers/diseases that call for SRS (7)

A

AVMs, trigeminal neuralgia, acoustic neuromas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, Parkinsons, epilepsy

58
Q

what does AVM stand for?

A

arterial venous malformations

59
Q

AVMs are an abnormal __________of _________ in the brain

A

abnormal tangle of blood vessels in the brain

60
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

functional disorder of the face

61
Q

what is typical dose for an SRS treatment? and fractionation

A

25 Gy or 2500 cGy in 1 fraction

62
Q

SBRT stands for what?

A

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

63
Q

what does SBRT typically treat? (6)

A

spine, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney, prostate

64
Q

what is typical SBRT dose? __-__ Gy … And how many fractions typically?

A

6-30 Gy, and 3-5 fractions

65
Q

what radiation treatment technique is used to treat small tumors outside the cranium at high doses?

A

SBRT

66
Q

how large are the tumors that get treated by SBRT?

A

less than or equal to 5cm

67
Q

for an SBRT treatment what extra element can be very important to reduce intrafraction motion?

A

motion management like abdominal compressions, breath hold, or respiratory gating

68
Q

TBI stands for what?

A

Total Body Irradiation

69
Q

TBI dose rates are ___% of normal dose rates

A

10%

70
Q

TBI treatments are done ____quickly/slowly___

A

slowly; they take a long time

71
Q

TBI uses blocks for what areas?

A

lung, kidney, and head

72
Q

T/F: TBI treatments use blocks

A

true

73
Q

TBI targets what area?

A

whole body

74
Q

____ treatment prepares patient for BMT (bone marrow transplant)

A

TBI

75
Q

a Bone Marrow Transplant is a type of treatment for what cancer?

A

Leukemia

76
Q

what is main goal of a TBI trt?

A

destroy bone marrow & immunosuppress patient enough their body won’t reject new bone marrow that will come from transplant; to prep patient for a BMT

77
Q

what does BMT stand for?

A

Bone Marrow Transplant

78
Q

in what two ways can a patient be positioned for TBI?

A

standing or lying down

79
Q

if a patient is standing for their TBI treatment what must be implemented?

A

lung blocks to prevent overdose

80
Q

if patient is standing for TBI, what are the gantry angles?

A

AP/PA

81
Q

if a patient is lying down for TBI, what are the gantry angles?

A

RT lat/LT lat; bilateral fields

82
Q

what is the typical distance a patient getting TBI is positioned away from the gantry? In meters, feet, and cm

A

4 meters; 13 feet; 400-411 cm approx

83
Q

how do we treat the whole body for a TBI? - ie. how do we fit it in field

A

rotate collimator and use extended SSDs

84
Q

for TBI treatments what is positioned between patient and source that reduce skin sparing?

A

beam spoiler

85
Q

beam spoilers are made of materials with __high/low___ atomic #s

A

low

86
Q

what dose is typical of TBI?

A

8-10 Gy

87
Q

what is used to reduce skin sparing in TBI?

A

beam spoiler

88
Q

beam spoilers are placed as close, or as far away from patient?

A

as close to patient as possible

89
Q

label the following TBI treatment diagram - label A, B, C

A

A = 400-411 cm
B = central axis
C = beam spoiler

90
Q

the following diagram represents what treatment?

A

TBI

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