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Block 9 Ellen > treatment of cancer Pt1 > Flashcards

treatment of cancer Pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

in radiation what is DNA showered with

A

photons

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2
Q

2 ways photons can act on DNA

A

direct action

indirect action

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3
Q

direct action of a photon=

A

photon expels an electron from the molecule which directly damages the DNA

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4
Q

indirect action of a photon=

A

causes free radical generation which then damages the DNA

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5
Q

what molecule does indirect action require

A

oxygen

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6
Q

what type of tumour doesn’t respond well to radiotherapy

A

hypoxic tumours

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7
Q

what happens to a cell when it undergoes a lot of damage

A

apoptosis

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8
Q

2 types radiotherapy

A

external

internal

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9
Q

external radiotherapy=

A

external beam radiotherapy

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10
Q

internal radiotherapy

A

brachytherapy

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11
Q

4 types of external radiotherapy

A

conventional
stereotactic
particle
3-D conformal

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12
Q

how is conventional radiotherapy delivered

A

two-dimensional beams using kilovoltage high energy X-rays

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13
Q

what can limit conventional radiotherapy

A

radiation toxicity to near by healthy tissue

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14
Q

what is stereotactic radiation

A

uses focused beams targeting a well defined tumour using detailed CT scanning

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15
Q

what type of tumour is stereotactic used for

A

small tumours

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16
Q

what is particle radiation

A

using energetic ionizing particles directed at the tumour

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17
Q

benefit of particle radiation

A

less energy deposited into healthy tissue

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18
Q

what is 3-D conformal radiotherapy

A

the profile of each beam is shaped to fit the profile of the target using a multileaf collimator

19
Q

what does 3-D conformal radiation allow

A

higher dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumour

20
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

radiation source inside or next to the area requiring treatment

21
Q

2 stages of reaction to radiotherapy

A

acute tissue reaction

late tissue reaction

22
Q

5 acute side effects of radiotherapy

A
  • epithelial damage
  • mouth, throat, stomach sores
  • intestinal discomfort
  • swelling of soft tissue
  • infertility
23
Q

4 late side effects of radiotherapy

A
  • fibrosis
  • hair loss
  • dryness
  • lymphedema
24
Q

xerostomia=

A

dry mouth

25
Q

what causes xerostomia

A

injury to acinar cells

26
Q

what is chemotherapy

A

cytotoxic drugs which affect rapidly dividing cells

27
Q

4 chemotherapy treatment strategies

A

curative
adjuvant
neoadjuvant
palliative

28
Q

curative chemotherapy=

A

used to permanently cure patients e.g acute leukaemia

29
Q

where do most chemotherapy drugs work

A

Cell cycle

30
Q

what stage of division can a lot of tumour cells stay in (which leads to treatment resistance)

A

G0 - resting phase (treatment doesn’t always target this stage)

31
Q

what is adjuvant chemotherapy

A

given after radiotherapy or surgery so less chemo needed

32
Q

e.g 3 of adjuvant chemo

A

breast cancer
lung cancer
colorectal cancer

33
Q

what is neoadjuvant chemo

A

give pre surgery to downstage tumour before removing it

34
Q

e.g of 3 neoadjuvant chemo

A

bladder
breast
head and neck

35
Q

palliative chemo focus=

A

relief from symptoms

36
Q

what is the effect of acute toxicity on chemotherapy

A

self limiting due to effect on normal proliferating cells

37
Q

what is the effect of long term toxicity from chemo

A

end organ damage

38
Q

what are healthy cells chemio affects

A

bone marrow
hair follicles
GI mucosa
skin

39
Q

3 common side effects of chemo

A
  • decreased WBC, RBC, platelets
  • alopecia
  • stomatitis/ mucositis
40
Q

4 organs affected by chronic chemotherapy toxicity

A

lung
heart
CNS
Endocrine

41
Q

what may increase in expression in cytotoxic drug resistance

A

MDR-1 gene

42
Q

what is MDR-1 gene involved in

A

drug efflux

43
Q

3 drugs that can reverse MDR

A

verapamil
quinidine
cyclosporine

Block 9 Ellen (21 decks)

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