The pathology of inflammatory responses

Question 1

features of acute inflammation (2)

Answer 1

short lived

neutrophil rich

Question 2

features of chronic inflammation (4)

Answer 2

long lived
lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages

Question 3

cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Answer 3

redness
heat 
swelling 
pain 
(loss of function)

Question 4

microvascular changes of acute inflammation

Answer 4

inflammatory exudate
oedema
pus

Question 5

what complement would a pathogen bind

Answer 5

C3

Question 6

what does binding of C3 cause

Answer 6

• activation of complement cascade,
• release of histamine and chemoattractants
• altered permeability of vessels
• altered adhesiveness of endothelium (cellular migration)
• phagocyte recognition of C3b-opsonised pathogen

Question 7

2 systems that mediators for acute inflammation come from

Answer 7

cellular

plasma

Question 8

4 cell-derived inflammatory mediators

Answer 8

platelets
mast cells
basophils
inflammatory cells

Question 9

3 plasma derived systems for acute inflammation

Answer 9

• kinin system
• coagulation and fibrinolytic system
• complement system

Question 10

2 pathways originating from arachidonic acid

Answer 10

cyclo-oxygenase pathway

lipo-oxygenase pathway

Question 11

Which out of the COX and LOX pathway has a greater effect on platelets

Answer 11

COX

Question 12

LOX or COX for effect on phagocytes

Answer 12

shared across both

Question 13

COX pathway uses_____

Answer 13

prostaglandins

Question 14

LOX pathway uses_____

Answer 14

leukotrienes

Question 15

PAF=

Answer 15

platelet aggregation factor

Question 16

systemic effect of acute inflammation (4)

Answer 16

1. acute phase reactions
2. Fever
3. Altered liver metabolism
4. HPA axis change

Question 17

what can bacteria produce to cause fever

Answer 17

exogenous pyrogens (LPS)

Question 18

what are cytokines involved in acute inflammation called

Answer 18

endogenous pyrogens

Question 19

E.g of endogenous pyrogens

Answer 19

IL-1

IL-6

Question 20

what happens in the liver in acute inflammation

Answer 20

acute phase proteins produced

Question 21

whats a good early test for inflammatory response

Answer 21

acute phase proteins

Question 22

4 stages of streptococcus pneumoniae infection

Answer 22

1. congestion
2. consolidation
3. Grey hepatisation
4. Resolution or Organisation

Question 23

what is congestion

Answer 23

accumulation of fluid causing loss of function

Question 24

what is consolidation

Answer 24

fluid and cells spread leading to solidification,

also called red hepatisation= dense texture like liver

Question 25

what is grey hepatization

Answer 25

macrophages recruited and eat dead neutrophils and begin digestion of fibrin mesh

Question 26

resolution=

Answer 26

restoration of normal tissue when architecture is intact

Question 27

when does resolution not repair happen

Answer 27

resolution happens when there has not been structural damage

Question 28

organisation=

Answer 28

scar formation due to loss of structural integrity

Question 29

4 main types of chronic inflammation

Answer 29

non-specific
chronic suppurative
granulomatous
autoimmune

Question 30

what is non-specific inflammation

Answer 30

• unknown driving signal

- macrophage and lymphocyte rich

Question 31

what is chronic suppurative

Answer 31

when acute becomes chronic in nature

Question 32

what is granulomatous

Answer 32

mono-nuclear rich- monocytes and macrophages with various lymphocytes

Question 33

what specialised type of macrophage can granulomas contain

Answer 33

epithelioid cell

Question 34

what other type of macrophage is in granulomas

Answer 34

langhan cells

Question 35

what is an epithelioid macrophages function

Answer 35

special secretory function

Question 36

sarcoid granuloma structure=

Answer 36

uniform with epithelioid macrophages

non caseating

Question 37

Appearance of a caseating necrosis in the TB granuloma

Answer 37

cheesy appearance of cells and bacteria in the centre of the granuloma