Fungal infection

Question 1

is Fungi prokaryote or Eukaryote

Answer 1

Eukaryote

Question 2

what does a fungi cell wall contain

Answer 2

Chitin

Question 3

reproduction on fungi is

Answer 3

sexual or asexual

Question 4

most fungi are

Answer 4

saprophytes

Question 5

saprophytes=

Answer 5

live on dead organisms

Question 6

are any fungi primary pathogens to humans

Answer 6

no

Question 7

why is human fungi infection rare (4)

Answer 7

1. Not well adapted to growth at 37 degrees
2. poorly adapted to using human nutrients
3. host defence mechanisms are efficient at dealing with inhaled/ ingested fungi
4. Slow growing

Question 8

In whom are fungal infections more likely to occur

Answer 8

Immunocompromised

Question 9

who are immunocompromised (6)

Answer 9

HIV
Diabetes mellitus 
Pregnancy 
Lymphoma/ Leukemia 
Chemotherapy 
steroids

Question 10

3 fungi type

Answer 10

Moulds
yeasts
dimorphic

Question 11

how do moulds grow

Answer 11

Hyphae

Question 12

Hyphae=

Answer 12

growth by formation of filaments

Question 13

what does an entangled mass of hyphae form

Answer 13

A mycelium

Question 14

how does asexual reproduction happen

Answer 14

Through production of conidia (asexual spores)

Question 15

sexual reproduction happens by

Answer 15

sexual spores mixing of DNA

or Hyphae breaking off

Question 16

what is the only type of fungi spread/ reproduction in humans

Answer 16

hyphae

Question 17

what are yeasts

Answer 17

single cell round or ovoid organisms

Question 18

how do yeasts reproduce

Answer 18

by budding

Question 19

2 important pathogenic yeasts

Answer 19

candida 
cryptococcus neoformans (causes menigitis)

Question 20

what can some yeasts form under stress in the human body

Answer 20

elongated buds (pseudohyphae)

Question 21

what can candida form versions off in the human body (2)

Answer 21

Hyphae and pseudohyphae

Question 22

least common type of fungi

Answer 22

dimorphic

Question 23

what do dimorphic fungi grow as

Answer 23

yeasts or moulds

Question 24

which type of dimorphic fungi causes infection

Answer 24

yeast form

Question 25

what form of dimorphic fungi lives in the environment

Answer 25

Mould form

Question 26

are dimorphic fungi found in the Uk

Answer 26

No

Question 27

2 non-infections that fungi can cause

Answer 27

Mycotoxins | Hypersensitivity

Question 28

Mycotoxins=

Answer 28

some fungi produce mycotoxins often renal or neurological

Question 29

2 hypersensitivity affects of fungus

Answer 29

Asthma | farmers lung

Question 30

2 types of superficial mycoses=

Answer 30

no tissue invaded and no cellular response from host | no tissue invaded but host response elicited

Question 31

e.g of superficial mysoses

Answer 31

Dermatophytoses (ringworm or tinea)

Question 32

what is tinea caused by

Answer 32

yeast (malasezzia)

Question 33

what does tinea feed on

Answer 33

keratin and superficial parts of the stratum corneum

Question 34

three groups of transfer for fungi

Answer 34

Geophillic (contact with soil) Zoophillic (contact with animals) Anthropophillic (contact with humans)

Question 35

anthropophillic =

Answer 35

contact with humans, the only fungi which require humans for survival

Question 36

what can superficial mycoses look like

Answer 36

eczema but can be anywhere on body, more round and isn't itchy

Question 37

what type of mycoses is probably a tropical infection

Answer 37

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 38

commonest IMPORTANT systemic/ deep mycoses

Answer 38

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 39

what is Aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 39

deep infection that follows inhalation of spores resulting in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Question 40

what may happen to aspergillus fumigatus infection in the immunocompromised

Answer 40

- hyphae may break off into the blood system - Angiotropic invasion of blood vessels causes pulmonary haemorrhage or infarction - can disseminate from lung

Question 41

why are fungal infections never infections person to person

Answer 41

Because they don't spore only hyphae

Question 42

where does candida live normally

Answer 42

in our bowel and mucus membranes

Question 43

what does candida often cause

Answer 43

mouth infections and in IC patients can run down into oesophagus

Question 44

most common yeast candida=

Answer 44

candida albicans

Question 45

where does candida albicans live normally

Answer 45

normal mouth flora and lower female genital tract

Question 46

what can candida albicans cause

Answer 46

superficial candidosis of skin and mucosa (thrush) or nails

Question 47

hepatosplenic candidasis causes=

Answer 47

white patches on liver and spleen can cause liver failure in end stages

Question 48

Symptoms of hepatosplenic candidasis

Answer 48

weight loss low grade fever hard to diagnose

Question 49

what can happen when candida is in the larger arterioles

Answer 49

can easily jam bc they are large and cause haemorrhage and bleeding

Question 50

what is the first sign of systemic candidosis

Answer 50

haemorrhage and bleeding

Question 51

deep mycoses caused by

Answer 51

dimorphic fungi

Question 52

deep mycoses usually acquired by

Answer 52

inhalation of spores (found in soil) | geographic associations

Question 53

3 antifungal drugs

Answer 53

Amphotericin Azoles Echinocandins

Question 54

Amphotericin resistance=

Answer 54

rare

Question 55

toxicity of amphotericin=

Answer 55

renal damage if given long enough will get major kidney damage

Question 56

how can amphotericin be less toxic

Answer 56

lipid associated forms are less toxic

Question 57

most common antifungal drug type=

Answer 57

Azoles

Question 58

suffix of azoles=

Answer 58

-azole

Question 59

MOA of azoles

Answer 59

inhibit lanosterol demethylase

Question 60

2 types of azoles

Answer 60

Fluconazole | voriconazole

Question 61

resistance of azoles=

Answer 61

Becoming common especially in candida

Question 62

e.g of echinocandins

Answer 62

Caspofungin

Question 63

MOA of echinocandins

Answer 63

Inhibits glucan synthase (cell wall sythesis inhibitor)