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Block 9 Ellen > Fungal infection > Flashcards

Fungal infection Flashcards

1
Q

is Fungi prokaryote or Eukaryote

A

Eukaryote

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2
Q

what does a fungi cell wall contain

A

Chitin

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3
Q

reproduction on fungi is

A

sexual or asexual

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4
Q

most fungi are

A

saprophytes

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5
Q

saprophytes=

A

live on dead organisms

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6
Q

are any fungi primary pathogens to humans

A

no

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7
Q

why is human fungi infection rare (4)

A
  1. Not well adapted to growth at 37 degrees
  2. poorly adapted to using human nutrients
  3. host defence mechanisms are efficient at dealing with inhaled/ ingested fungi
  4. Slow growing
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8
Q

In whom are fungal infections more likely to occur

A

Immunocompromised

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9
Q

who are immunocompromised (6)

A 
HIV
Diabetes mellitus 
Pregnancy 
Lymphoma/ Leukemia 
Chemotherapy 
steroids
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10
Q

3 fungi type

A

Moulds
yeasts
dimorphic

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11
Q

how do moulds grow

A

Hyphae

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12
Q

Hyphae=

A

growth by formation of filaments

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13
Q

what does an entangled mass of hyphae form

A

A mycelium

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14
Q

how does asexual reproduction happen

A

Through production of conidia (asexual spores)

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15
Q

sexual reproduction happens by

A

sexual spores mixing of DNA

or Hyphae breaking off

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16
Q

what is the only type of fungi spread/ reproduction in humans

A

hyphae

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17
Q

what are yeasts

A

single cell round or ovoid organisms

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18
Q

how do yeasts reproduce

A

by budding

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19
Q

2 important pathogenic yeasts

A 
candida 
cryptococcus neoformans (causes menigitis)
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20
Q

what can some yeasts form under stress in the human body

A

elongated buds (pseudohyphae)

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21
Q

what can candida form versions off in the human body (2)

A

Hyphae and pseudohyphae

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22
Q

least common type of fungi

A

dimorphic

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23
Q

what do dimorphic fungi grow as

A

yeasts or moulds

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24
Q

which type of dimorphic fungi causes infection

A

yeast form

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25
Q

what form of dimorphic fungi lives in the environment

A

Mould form

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26
Q

are dimorphic fungi found in the Uk

A

No

27
Q

2 non-infections that fungi can cause

A

Mycotoxins

Hypersensitivity

28
Q

Mycotoxins=

A

some fungi produce mycotoxins often renal or neurological

29
Q

2 hypersensitivity affects of fungus

A

Asthma

farmers lung

30
Q

2 types of superficial mycoses=

A

no tissue invaded and no cellular response from host

no tissue invaded but host response elicited

31
Q

e.g of superficial mysoses

A

Dermatophytoses (ringworm or tinea)

32
Q

what is tinea caused by

A

yeast (malasezzia)

33
Q

what does tinea feed on

A

keratin and superficial parts of the stratum corneum

34
Q

three groups of transfer for fungi

A

Geophillic (contact with soil)
Zoophillic (contact with animals)
Anthropophillic (contact with humans)

35
Q

anthropophillic =

A

contact with humans, the only fungi which require humans for survival

36
Q

what can superficial mycoses look like

A

eczema but can be anywhere on body, more round and isn’t itchy

37
Q

what type of mycoses is probably a tropical infection

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

38
Q

commonest IMPORTANT systemic/ deep mycoses

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

39
Q

what is Aspergillus fumigatus

A

deep infection that follows inhalation of spores resulting in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

40
Q

what may happen to aspergillus fumigatus infection in the immunocompromised

A
  • hyphae may break off into the blood system
  • Angiotropic invasion of blood vessels causes pulmonary haemorrhage or infarction
  • can disseminate from lung
41
Q

why are fungal infections never infections person to person

A

Because they don’t spore only hyphae

42
Q

where does candida live normally

A

in our bowel and mucus membranes

43
Q

what does candida often cause

A

mouth infections and in IC patients can run down into oesophagus

44
Q

most common yeast candida=

A

candida albicans

45
Q

where does candida albicans live normally

A

normal mouth flora and lower female genital tract

46
Q

what can candida albicans cause

A

superficial candidosis of skin and mucosa (thrush) or nails

47
Q

hepatosplenic candidasis causes=

A

white patches on liver and spleen can cause liver failure in end stages

48
Q

Symptoms of hepatosplenic candidasis

A

weight loss
low grade fever
hard to diagnose

49
Q

what can happen when candida is in the larger arterioles

A

can easily jam bc they are large and cause haemorrhage and bleeding

50
Q

what is the first sign of systemic candidosis

A

haemorrhage and bleeding

51
Q

deep mycoses caused by

A

dimorphic fungi

52
Q

deep mycoses usually acquired by

A

inhalation of spores (found in soil)

geographic associations

53
Q

3 antifungal drugs

A

Amphotericin
Azoles
Echinocandins

54
Q

Amphotericin resistance=

A

rare

55
Q

toxicity of amphotericin=

A

renal damage if given long enough will get major kidney damage

56
Q

how can amphotericin be less toxic

A

lipid associated forms are less toxic

57
Q

most common antifungal drug type=

A

Azoles

58
Q

suffix of azoles=

A

-azole

59
Q

MOA of azoles

A

inhibit lanosterol demethylase

60
Q

2 types of azoles

A

Fluconazole

voriconazole

61
Q

resistance of azoles=

A

Becoming common especially in candida

62
Q

e.g of echinocandins

A

Caspofungin

63
Q

MOA of echinocandins

A

Inhibits glucan synthase (cell wall sythesis inhibitor)

Block 9 Ellen (21 decks)

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