Defence and vaccination against infection

Question 1

4 evasions of host defences

Answer 1

1. Avoid complement activation
2. Avoid phagocytosis
3. inhibit host cell signalling pathways
4. resist or evade phagocyte killing mechanism

Question 2

both B and T cell can mature into 2 categories of cells

Answer 2

1. effector cell

2. memory cell

Question 3

2 types of immunisation

Answer 3

active

passive

Question 4

active immunisation=

Answer 4

to induce a state of immunological readiness so a first interaction with a pathogen is treated like a second infection by the same pathogen

Question 5

passive immunisation=

Answer 5

to transfer pre-formed immunological mediators (antibodies) into a person to generate a state of enhanced immunity

Question 6

e.g of passive vaccinations (5)

Answer 6

tetanus 
gangrene
snake bite
hep B
rabies

Question 7

2 types of active immunisation

Answer 7

live vaccines

non-living vaccines

Question 8

2 types of live vaccines

Answer 8

naturally attenuated

artificially attenuated

Question 9

non-living vaccines can be three things

Answer 9

killed whole organism
antigenic components of the organism
DNA from the organism

Question 10

what type of virus is small pox

Answer 10

DNA ds virus

Question 11

immunisation against small pox=

Answer 11

vaccinia virus

Question 12

4 reasons eradication of small pox was possible

Answer 12

1. exclusive to humans
2. no hidden carriers
3. only one serotype
4. vaccination 100% successful

Question 13

what type of virus is polio virus

Answer 13

positive strand ss RNA

Question 14

structure of polio

Answer 14

icosohedral

Question 15

2 types of polio vaccines

Answer 15

inactivated (dead)

attenuated (live)

Question 16

disadvantage of the inactivated polio vaccine

Answer 16

does not induce local (gut) immunity

Question 17

disadvantage of the attenuated polio vaccine

Answer 17

Can cause vaccine-induced poliomyelitis

Question 18

e.g of 3 subunit vaccines

Answer 18

diptheria
tetanus
pertussis
(DTP)

Question 19

subunit vaccine=

Answer 19

vaccines made of components of an organism

Question 20

what might a subunit vaccine require

Answer 20

Adjuvants

Question 21

what can adjuvants do (3)

Answer 21

1. Inducing inflammation
2. boost innate immunity
3. Provide long-lasting depot of antigen

Question 22

5 routine vaccinations

Answer 22

DTP
Hepatitis B
Haemophilus influenzae type B 
measles (MMR)
poliomyelitis (OPV or IPV)

Question 23

what maternal antibodies are passed over via colostral

Answer 23

IgA

Question 24

what maternal antibodies are passed over via the placenta

Answer 24

IgG

Question 25

2 naturally attenuated live vaccines

Answer 25

smallpox (variola) and cowpox (vaccinia)

Question 26

name 5 vaccines given at 2-6 months

Answer 26

polio
diphtheria 
pertussis 
tetanus 
meningitis

Question 27

3 vaccines given at 12-18 months

Answer 27

measles
mumps
rubella