PARASITIC infections Flashcards
what type of organism is protozoa
unicellular Eukaryotic
what type of organism is helminths
multicellular Eukaryotic (parasitic worms)
general parasite in malaria=
plasmodium parasite
human malaria= (3)
Plasmodium falciparum
P.vivax
P.malariae
what type of mosquito which can spread disease
female anopheles mosquito
type of malaria reproduction in human
asexual
type of malaria reproduction in female anopheles mosquito
sexual
2 stages in the human malaria life cycle
Liver stage
blood stage
where do the mosquitos carry the malaria pathogen
in their salivary glands
what do mosquitos inject when they take a blood meal
infected sporozoites
where do the sporozoites first travel to
hepatocytes (in liver)
in hepatocytes what is formed
a schizont through replication
what happens to a schizont
it bursts the hepatocyte
when schizonts burst what is released
merozoites (into the circulation)
another word for the human liver cycle
exo-erythrocytic cycle
are there any clinical features of the human liver stage
NO
what do merozoites enter
Human erythrocytes
what do merozoites cause in the RBC
schizont formation leading to rupture
what does schizont rupture result in
RBC rupture= anaemia
where does sexual reproduction happen in the mosquito
stomach
what is the most virulent species of mosquito
P.falciparum
diagnosis of malaria
light microscopy with a thin and thick blood smear
symptoms of malaria
- many people asymptomatic
- usually severe flu
- frequent fever of 4 days with peaks of fever one day off one day on
3 manifestations of severe malaria
cerebral malaria
acidosis
severe anaemia
what is the result of cerebral malaria
unrousable coma
hypoglycaemia
meningitis
convulsions
what protozoa causes severe malaria
P.falciparum
2 malaria treatments
Quinolines
Anti-folates
ending of Quinolines
-quinine
new antimalarials=
Artemisinin compounds
African trypanosomiasis causes
Sleeping sickness
what carries African trypanosomiasis parasite
blood-sucking tsetse fly
1st stage of african trypanosomiasis
Found in peripheral circulation (unspecific symptoms)
2nd stage of african trypanosomiasis
parasite crosses blood brain barrier and infects CNS (coma and death if not treated)
what is Chagas disease also called
south american trypanosomiasis
chagas disease is caused by
trypanosoma cruzi
what insect carries chagas disease
blood sucking triatomine insects (kissing bugs)
where do triatomine insects tend to bite
around the face
what can chagas disease affect in our bodies
infects our own cells attacking tissues
mainly heart and digestive muscle (and neurological disorders)
MOA of chloroquine
blockage of parasite detoxification of heme
MOA of anti-folate drugs (e.g sulfonamides)
folic acid metabolism
MOA of artemisin drugs
free radial generation that alkylate and oxidize protein/ lipid in infected RBCs
2 commonly used drugs for chagas disease
benznidazole
Nifurtimox
what is leishmaniasis disease transmitted by
bite of an infected female phlebotomine sandflies
when are toxoplasmosis an issue
in immunocompromised
what can toxoplasmosis cause in otherwise healthy adults
mild lymphadenopathy
commonly used drug for toxoplasmosis
pyrimethamine
what are amoebiasis caused by
entamoeba histolytica
where is entamoeba histolytica found
contaminated faeces and food
what is amoebiasis
an intestinal and extraintestinal infection
what type of illnes is giardiasis
diarrheal illness
3 types of helminths parasite
-tapeworms
-flukes
round worms
how is helminths infection spread
by infection by larvae or eggs
what is the helminths infection like
tortuous migration in host
do adult helminths replicate
no
what causes main pathology of helminths
eggs/ larvae
3 soil transmitted helminths
ascaris
whipworm
hookworm
what causes ascariasis
ascaris lumbricoides
where does ascaris lumbricoides live
intestine
2 hookworms
ancylostoma duodenale
necator americanus
where can hookworm travel from the digestive tract to
heart and lungs
cause of whipworm
trichuris trichiura
what food gives you taeniasis
raw food
what causes taeniasis (2)
taenia solium
taenia saginata
what causes the symptoms of schistosomiasis
body’s reaction to the eggs
where do adult schistosomiasis worms reside in the human body
blood vessels (can travel to bladder or intestine)
what animal carries schistosomiasis
snails
another word for elephantiasis
lymphatic filariasis
what is the vector for lymohatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
mosquito–> human
what disease does echinococosis cause
Hydatid disease
where are adult worms of echinococcosis found
in definitive hosts of dogs/ canids
where are toxoplasmosis transmitted from
cysts in undercooked meat or cat faeces
effect of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women
congenital toxoplasmosis
