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Block 9 Ellen > The cellular basis of disease L1 > Flashcards

The cellular basis of disease L1 Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factor=

A

an increase in risk of developing a disease

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2
Q

Predisposition

A

increased susceptibility to develop disease

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3
Q

premalignant=

A

a lesion or process that will probably transform to invasive malignancy

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4
Q

aetiology=

A

cause of disease

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5
Q

disease=

A

consequence of a failure of homeostasis

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6
Q

how is staining performed (2 parts)

A

specific stain and counterstain

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7
Q

specific stain=

A

for structures of interest

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8
Q

counterstain=

A

for everything else

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9
Q

two types of dyes

A

acidic

basic

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10
Q

what do acidic dyes react with

A

cationic or basic components

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11
Q

what do basic dyes react with

A

anionic or acidic components

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12
Q

what is the H and E stain

A

hematoxylin and eosin

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13
Q

what is Eosin

A

an acidic dye

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14
Q

what does eosin stain

A

basic structures pink

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15
Q

e.g of something eosin stains

A

cytoplasms

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16
Q

what is hematoxylin

A

basic dye

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17
Q

what does hematoxylin stain

A

acidic structures purple-blue

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18
Q

e.g of hematoxylin stain

A

nuclei (DNA)

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19
Q

4 key targets of cell damage

A

mitochondria
plasma membrane
ionic channels in cell membrane
cytoskeleton

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20
Q

what can be a final cue to irreversible cell damage

A

calcium overload

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21
Q

what is programmed cell death

A

cell death in any form mediated by an intracellular program

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22
Q

apoptosis=

A

biochemical events leading to cell changes and death

23
Q

autophagy=

A

autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic contents
(Cell eats itself from inside out)

24
Q

When is autophagy turned on

A

when the cell is in starvation

25
Q

2 types of autophagy

A 
selective autophagy (maintenance) 
non-selective autophagy (survival)
26
Q

three types of necrotic cell death

A

coagulative necrosis
Colliquative/ liquefaction necrosis
caseous necrosis

27
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

nuclei have condensed and become pignotic, loss of nuclei

like a ghost

28
Q

e.g of coagulative necrosis

A

ischaemic kidney

29
Q

what is colliquative necrosis

A

tissue turning into mush

massive influx of inflammatory cells early on which forms a puss and you lose tissue architecture and structure

30
Q

e.g of colliquative necrosis

A

cerebral infarct

31
Q

caseous necrosis=

A

core becomes cheesy with inflammatory cells

32
Q

e.g of caseous necrosis

A

TB granuloma

33
Q

chromosomal abnormalities= (4)

A

Ploidy
structural abnormalities
DNA mutation
gene expression

34
Q

what is ploidy

A

chromosomal copy abnormalities= a change in chromosome number

35
Q

what type of issues happens in downs syndrome

A

ploidy

36
Q

What can cause chromosome structural abnormalities (4)

A

deletions
translocation
inversions
robertsonian translocation

37
Q

what is robertsonian translocation

A

2 chromosomes lose their short arms and fuse together

38
Q

what do chromosomal abnormalities usually lead to

A

multigenic diseases

39
Q

what do DNA mutations usually lead to

A

monogenic diseases

40
Q

2 ways DNA mutation can happen

A

spontaneous

triggered

41
Q

what happens in gene expression to cause diseases

A

problems in transcription and translation

42
Q

hyperplasia=

A

an increase in cell number

43
Q

hypertrophy=

A

an increase in cell size

44
Q

atrophy=

A

decrease in cell size

45
Q

Dysplasia=

A

abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture

46
Q

metaplasia=

A

conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another (happens through stem cells changing what they differentiate into)

47
Q

transdifferentiation=

A

one cell type converting into another

48
Q

benign=

A

uncontrolled focal proliferation of well differentiated cells

49
Q

malignant= (3)

A

cancerous
invasive
metastatic

50
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity=

A

IgE binds to mast cells and basophils and they release their granules (histamine and cytokines)

51
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity=

A

cytotoxicty and antibody-dependant causing autoimmunity. Ab involved are: IgM and IgG

52
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity

A

antigen-antibody (immune) complexes deposited in areas

53
Q

Type 4=

A

cell mediated immune reaction which does not involve antibodies but is due primarily to the interaction of T cells with antigens.

Block 9 Ellen (21 decks)

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