The cellular basis of disease L1 Flashcards
Risk factor=
an increase in risk of developing a disease
Predisposition
increased susceptibility to develop disease
premalignant=
a lesion or process that will probably transform to invasive malignancy
aetiology=
cause of disease
disease=
consequence of a failure of homeostasis
how is staining performed (2 parts)
specific stain and counterstain
specific stain=
for structures of interest
counterstain=
for everything else
two types of dyes
acidic
basic
what do acidic dyes react with
cationic or basic components
what do basic dyes react with
anionic or acidic components
what is the H and E stain
hematoxylin and eosin
what is Eosin
an acidic dye
what does eosin stain
basic structures pink
e.g of something eosin stains
cytoplasms
what is hematoxylin
basic dye
what does hematoxylin stain
acidic structures purple-blue
e.g of hematoxylin stain
nuclei (DNA)
4 key targets of cell damage
mitochondria
plasma membrane
ionic channels in cell membrane
cytoskeleton
what can be a final cue to irreversible cell damage
calcium overload
what is programmed cell death
cell death in any form mediated by an intracellular program
apoptosis=
biochemical events leading to cell changes and death
autophagy=
autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic contents
(Cell eats itself from inside out)
When is autophagy turned on
when the cell is in starvation
2 types of autophagy
selective autophagy (maintenance) non-selective autophagy (survival)
three types of necrotic cell death
coagulative necrosis
Colliquative/ liquefaction necrosis
caseous necrosis
what is coagulative necrosis
nuclei have condensed and become pignotic, loss of nuclei
like a ghost
e.g of coagulative necrosis
ischaemic kidney
what is colliquative necrosis
tissue turning into mush
massive influx of inflammatory cells early on which forms a puss and you lose tissue architecture and structure
e.g of colliquative necrosis
cerebral infarct
caseous necrosis=
core becomes cheesy with inflammatory cells
e.g of caseous necrosis
TB granuloma
chromosomal abnormalities= (4)
Ploidy
structural abnormalities
DNA mutation
gene expression
what is ploidy
chromosomal copy abnormalities= a change in chromosome number
what type of issues happens in downs syndrome
ploidy
What can cause chromosome structural abnormalities (4)
deletions
translocation
inversions
robertsonian translocation
what is robertsonian translocation
2 chromosomes lose their short arms and fuse together
what do chromosomal abnormalities usually lead to
multigenic diseases
what do DNA mutations usually lead to
monogenic diseases
2 ways DNA mutation can happen
spontaneous
triggered
what happens in gene expression to cause diseases
problems in transcription and translation
hyperplasia=
an increase in cell number
hypertrophy=
an increase in cell size
atrophy=
decrease in cell size
Dysplasia=
abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture
metaplasia=
conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another (happens through stem cells changing what they differentiate into)
transdifferentiation=
one cell type converting into another
benign=
uncontrolled focal proliferation of well differentiated cells
malignant= (3)
cancerous
invasive
metastatic
type 1 hypersensitivity=
IgE binds to mast cells and basophils and they release their granules (histamine and cytokines)
type 2 hypersensitivity=
cytotoxicty and antibody-dependant causing autoimmunity. Ab involved are: IgM and IgG
type 3 hypersensitivity
antigen-antibody (immune) complexes deposited in areas
Type 4=
cell mediated immune reaction which does not involve antibodies but is due primarily to the interaction of T cells with antigens.
