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Block 9 Ellen > Antibacterial drugs L7 > Flashcards

Antibacterial drugs L7 Flashcards

1
Q

antimicrobials=

A

a natural or synthetic chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

antibacterial agents=

A

antimicrobials that target

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3
Q

antibiotics=

A

antibacterial compounds produced by microorganisms (currently used to describe all antibacterial drugs)

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4
Q

narrow spectrum antimicrobials=

A

effective against a limited number of bacterial genera

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5
Q

Broad spectrum antimicrobials=

A

effective against a large number of bacterial genera

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6
Q

4 ideal anti-bacterial properties

A
  1. selective for microbial target
  2. Bactericidal (kills)
  3. Slow emergence of resistance
  4. narrow spectrum of activity
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7
Q

3 positives of broad spectrum

A
  1. empirical usage (when we don’t know whats happening
  2. polymicrobial infection
  3. companies prefer ($$)
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8
Q

negative of broad spectrum

A

resistance problems

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9
Q

list 5 pharmacological considerations when making drugs

A
  1. stability and retention in host
  2. Dosage and method of administering
  3. accumulation in various tissues and organs
  4. toxicity to host
  5. interference with other drugs
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10
Q

pharnacokinetics=

A

stability, retention and compartmentalisation of drug in host

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11
Q

MIC=

A

minimum inhibitory concentration value

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12
Q

3 ways to classify antibiotics

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic
chemical structure
targets

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13
Q

best way to classify antibiotics

A

targets

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14
Q

differences in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic= (5)

A 
cell wall synthesis
cytoplasmic membrane
anti-metabolites 
protein synthesis 
nucleic acid synthesis
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15
Q

peptidoglycan is found in what cells

A

unique to bacteria

in both gram + and -

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16
Q

what do beta lactams do

A

inhibit enzyme PBPs (penicillin binding proteins) which are required for the last step of peptidoglycan synthesis= transpeptidation

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17
Q

2 subtypes of beta lactams=

A

pencillins

cephalosporins

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18
Q

what do glycopeptides do

A

bind to peptidoglycan subunit so stops other units from being connected to the mesh

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19
Q

what are glycopeptides only effective against (+ or-)

A

gram positive

they do not penetrate gram -

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20
Q

e.g of glycopeptides

A

vancomycin

21
Q

ribosomes in Eukaryotes

A

80s

40s+60s subunits

22
Q

ribosomes in bacteria

A

70s (30s+50s subunits)

23
Q

30s inhibitors= (2)

A

aminoglycosides

tetracyclines

24
Q

50s inhibitors (4)

A

chloramphenicol
erythromycin
clindamycin
Oxazolidinoes

25
Q

tRNA inhibitor= (2)

A

puromycin

Mupirocin

26
Q

EF-G elongation factor

A

fusidic acid

27
Q

are aminoglycosides bactericidal

A

yes

28
Q

are Tetracyclines bactericidal

A

no they are bacteriostatic

29
Q

what do Quinolones do

A

inhibit DNA replication

30
Q

what do Rifamycins do

A

block mRNA synthesis

31
Q

what do metabolite analogues do

A

inhibit the synthesis of nucelic acid precursors (purines and pyrimidines)

32
Q

what are purines and pyrimidines made from

A

folic acid derivatives

33
Q

whats different about folic acid uptake in bacteria and humans

A

bacteria carry out the process to make it themselves whereas humans take up folic acid from external sources

34
Q

what do sulfonamides do to the folic acid pathway

A

competitive inhibitor with PABA for enzyme

35
Q

what do trimethoprim do to the folic acid pathway

A

similar to dihydrofolic acid

36
Q

what are polymyxins

A

act like a detergent on membrane

mainly topical usage (bc can affect human cell membrane)

37
Q

why is the cytoplasmic membrane not a good target

A

because there isn’t enough difference in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

38
Q

3 narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

older penicillins
macrolides
vancomycin

39
Q

broad spectrum antibiotics

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • 2nd and 3rd gen cephalosporins
  • synthetic penicillins
40
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

relates to sensitivity to antibacterial agent at a certain concentration

41
Q

3 classifications of antibiotic resistance

A

resistant
intermediate
sensitive

42
Q

what is resistance judged by

A

MIC

43
Q

explain minimum inhibitory concentration

A

minimum concentration of the antibacterial agent below which growth is not inhibited

44
Q

innate resistance= (2)

A

lacks suitable target

impermeable to drug

45
Q

3 major mechanisms of acquired resistance

1 non major

A
  1. Modifying the antibiotic target
  2. Limiting access of the antibiotic
  3. Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic
  4. Bypass pathway
46
Q

2 ways bacteria can become resistant to beta lactams

A
  1. produce and secrete enzyme beta-lactamase

2. alter the PBP so that the beta-lactam can not interact with it, yet retain function

47
Q

2 ways resistance is acquired

A

horizontal gene transfer

mutations

48
Q

what is MDR-TB resistant to

A

at least 2 first line TB drugs

49
Q

what is XDR-TB resistant to

A

3 or more of the 6 classes of second line TB drugs

Block 9 Ellen (21 decks)

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