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Block 9 Ellen > Biology of skin L2 > Flashcards

Biology of skin L2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does skin do (4) (overview)

A

physical barrier
physiological functions
appendages
site of pathology

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2
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutis

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3
Q

what is the epithelial cells of the epidermis called

A

keratinocytes

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4
Q

What is the dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue supported by fibroblasts

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5
Q

what does the dermis contain

A

glands
sensory nerves
some immune cells

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6
Q

what is the subcutis

A

loose connective tissue with adipose cells

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7
Q

2 types of skin

A

thick and thin skin

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8
Q

what classifies what is thin and thick skin

A

extent of the thickening of the layer of the epidermis

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9
Q

what is thick skin associated with

A

mechanical stress and pressure

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10
Q

where is thick skin found

A

soles of the feet and palms

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11
Q

what is the bottom layer of the epidermis like

A

protrudes deep (undulating )

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12
Q

which type of skin is more common

A

thin skin

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13
Q

which skin has a more defined stratum corneum

A

thick skin

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14
Q

does thick skin contain hair or sebaceous glands

A

no

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15
Q

what extra layer may thick skin have

A

stratum lucidum

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16
Q

where is the stratum lucidum

A

between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

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17
Q

what type of skin lines most of the body

A

thin skin

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18
Q

what is less prominent in thin skin

A

stratum corneum

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19
Q

where is the thinnest skin

A

eyelids

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20
Q

what layer of the epidermis is not in thin skin

A

stratum lucidum

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21
Q

layers of the epidermis (4) top to bottom

A

cornified
granular
spinous
basal

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22
Q

how many layers of cells in the basal layer

A

1

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23
Q

what can the cells in the basal layer of the epidermis be described as

A

stem cells

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24
Q

what are stem cells capable of

A

division by mitosis

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25
Q

How many cell layers in the stratum spinosum

A

multiple cells thick

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26
Q

in the stratum spinosum what links adjacent cells

A

desmosomes

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27
Q

what are desmosomes

A

cell-cell junction link them mechanically to adjacent cells

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28
Q

what property do differentiated cells in the stratum spinosum lose

A

they can no longer divide

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29
Q

what is formed within the cells of the spinosum

A

prominent intracellular keratin filaments

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30
Q

what is directly above the spinosum

A

granular layer

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31
Q

what happens to cells in the granular layer

A

further differentiation through the production of keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies

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32
Q

top layer of the epidermis=

A

cornified layer

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33
Q

what happens in the cornified layer

A

cells undergo apoptosis, losing their nuclei and organelles to form a tough surface layer

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34
Q

most abundant cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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35
Q

4 cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
Melanocytes
immune cells
Merkel cells

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36
Q

what do keratinocytes produce

A

keratin

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37
Q

how do cells in the basal layer attach to the basale lamina

A

hemi desmosomes

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38
Q

what are melanocytes purpose

A

skin pigmentation and protection of UV damage

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39
Q

shape of melanocytes

A

dendritic

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40
Q

where do melanocytes reside

A

in lower layers of the epidermis

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41
Q

mode of action of melanocytes=

A

they synthesise melanin pigment which is packaged into organelles which are transferred into keratinocytes

42
Q

what are the organelles melanin is packaged into called

A

melanosomes

43
Q

what do melanocytes arise from in early development

A

neural crest cells

44
Q

can melanocytes divide

A

yes

45
Q

immune cells of the epidermis=

A

langerhans cells

46
Q

what type of immune cell are langerhans

A

APC (antigen presenting cells)

47
Q

shape of langerhans cells=

A

dendritic

48
Q

where do langerhans arise from

A

bone marrow and migrate via blood

49
Q

other type of immune cell present in the epidermis

A

lymphocytes

50
Q

what are merkel cells

A

they are in association with nerve fibres responsible for fine touch

51
Q

where are merkel cells found

A

basal layer

52
Q

what forms the hydrophobic layer of the epidermis (3)

A

lipids
insoluble proteins
(and strong filaments linked by cell-cell junctions)

53
Q

scaling=

A

imbalance between cell renewal and cell loss

54
Q

blisters=

A

breakage of cell-cell junction

55
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

papillary

reticular

56
Q

most superficial layer of dermis=

A

papillary

57
Q

which layer of the dermis gives skin flexibility

A

papillary dermis

58
Q

what is the papillary dermis made out of

A

loose connective tissue made of collagen and elastin fibres

59
Q

what is also contained within the papillary dermis (3)

A

extensive capillary network
, lymphatic networks
and nerve endings

60
Q

what are the upward projections in the papillary dermis called

A

pili

61
Q

what is the purpose of pili (2)

A
  1. provide a surface area–>good blood supply to the avascular epidermis
  2. Attachment to epidermis
62
Q

what layer makes up the majority of skin overall

A

reticular dermis

63
Q

what is the reticular dermis made up of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

64
Q

what is the dense irregular connective tissue made up of

A

thick bundles of collagen fibres

65
Q

what cells does the reticular dermis contain

A

fibroblasts

immune cells

66
Q

what is the reticular dermis a site of

A

skin appendages (e.g hair follicles and glands)

67
Q

3 cells of the dermis

A

adipocytes
immune cells
fibroblasts

68
Q

what is below the dermis

A

subcutis

69
Q

what is the subcutis made out of

A

adipose tissue

70
Q

what is the purpose of adipose tissue in the subcutis (3)

A

insulator
protector
energy store

71
Q

3 skin appendages

A

sebaceous glands
eccrine sweat glands
apocrine glands

72
Q

what is a nail plate

A

hard kertanised plate at distal end of each digit

73
Q

what is the nail plate analogous with

A

the cornified layer

74
Q

what is the nail plate renewed by

A

cells within the nail root which proliferate to form the nail matrix

75
Q

where is a hair follicle formed

A

basal layer of epidermis

76
Q

what is at the end of every hair follicle

A

bulbous expansion containing hair papilla

77
Q

3 layers of hair

A

cuticle
cortex
medulla

78
Q

what do sebaceous glands secrete

A

sebum that coats hair to keep it soft, supple and waterproof

79
Q

what is the structure of sebaceous glands

A

branched acinar structure

80
Q

type of secretion of acinar glands=

A

holocrine secretion

81
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

secrete sweat directly onto skin surface

82
Q

type of eccrine secretion

A

merocrine secretion

83
Q

what type of gland are eccrine glands

A

coiled tubular

84
Q

where are eccrine glands found

A

deep reticular dermis

85
Q

where are eccrine glands on the body

A

all tissues especially palms, soles, forehead and axillae

86
Q

where are apocrine glands (3)

A

axillae,
mammary
groin

87
Q

how do secretions occur in apocrine glands

A

apocrine manner with secretions discharged into upper part of a hair follicle

88
Q

where are apocrine glands found in the skin

A

deep reticular dermis or subcutis

89
Q

what are hairs and nails formed from

A

hard keratin

90
Q

which layer of the skin does vasodilation or vasoconstriction effect

A

papillary dermis

91
Q

what is vitamin D synthesis carried out by

A

keratinocytes in presence of UV light

92
Q

langerhans and lymphocytes are found in the

A

epidermis

93
Q

macrophages, mast cells and lymphocytes are found in the

A

dermis

94
Q

4 stages of wound healing

A

haemostasis
inflammation
fibroplasia
remodelling

95
Q

whats haemostasis

A

formation of fibrin clot stopping blood loss and filling wound

96
Q

inflammation=

A

removal of bacteria and damaged tissue

97
Q

fibroplasia=

A

fibroblasts laying down new collagen and angiogenesis

98
Q

angiogenesis=

A

bridges gap

99
Q

remodelling=

A

initial new tissue replaced through turnover to create stronger structure

100
Q

liquid filled lesions= (4)

A

blister
vesicle
bulla
pustule

101
Q

solid lesions= (4)

A

papule
nodule
wheal
plaque

102
Q

lesions of colour= (4)

A

macule
patch
naevis
erythema

Block 9 Ellen (21 decks)

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