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Block 9 Ellen > general pathology of cancer > Flashcards

general pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm=

A

new uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiological control

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2
Q

cancer=

A

malignant tumour/ neoplasm

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3
Q

is neoplasm always cancer

A

no neoplasm can be benign or malignant

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4
Q

4 classes of normal regulatory genes

A
  1. proto-oncogenes
  2. tumour suppressor genes
  3. genes controlling PCD
  4. genes that repair DNA
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5
Q

what do mutated proto-oncogenes produce

A

oncogenes

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6
Q

what is a proto-oncogene mutation usually (about function)

A

a gain in function

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7
Q

important example of proto-oncogene

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EGFR

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8
Q

what is EGFR

A

a tyrosine kinase (receptor)

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9
Q

2 general effects of EGFR mutations

A

cell proliferation

avoiding apoptosis

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10
Q

In what cancer are 8% EGFR mutations

A

lung cancer

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11
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes

A

any gene whose normal function acts to suppress cell growth and proliferation, causes apoptosis

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12
Q

most important tumour suppressor gene

A

p53

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13
Q

Li-fraumeni syndrome=

A

rare inherited loss of p53

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14
Q

what is p53 job

A

targets damaged cells for apoptosis

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15
Q

what is the risk of malignancy by 70yrs with Li-fraumeis syndrome

A

100%

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16
Q

carcinogens=

A

agents that cause genetic damage and induce neoplastic transformation

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17
Q

high risk HPV strains=

A

strains 16-18

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18
Q

low risk (anogenital warts) HPV strains =

A

6, 11

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19
Q

what does HPV do

A

infects cervical epithelial cells where it produces viral proteins E1-E7

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20
Q

what do viral proteins E6 and E7 do

A

interact with cell cycle proteins pRb and p53 reducing levels and promoting DNA synthesis

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21
Q

what cancer can helicobacter pylori cause

A

gastric carcinoma and low grade lymphoma

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22
Q

metaplasia=

A

the transformation of one completely differentiated cell type into another because of a stimulus

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23
Q

why does metaplasia happen

A

change in environment produces cells better equipped to withstand new environment

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24
Q

2 type of metaplasia

A

squamous

glandular

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25
Q

squamous metaplasia=

A

glandular epithelium becomes squamous

happens in chronically inflamed ducts

26
Q

where does glandular metaplasia happen

A

in oesophagus squamous-lined to columnar lined with goblet cells (barretts oesophagus)

27
Q

which type of metaplasia is more serious (risk of cancer)

A

glandular metaplasia

28
Q

dysplasia=

A

(how it looks) the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.

29
Q

4 features of dysplasia

A

increased proliferation
loss of relationship between cells
lots of cell death and disorder
cell morphological transformation

30
Q

if you remove the stimulus in what happens to dysplasia

A

may restore to normal cell growth pattern

31
Q

what is neoplasm in origin

A

monoclonal (result of proliferation of a single transformed cell)

32
Q

what makes something malignant

A

when the cells start to invade beyond the basement membrane or spread

33
Q

malignancy=

A

invasion and spread

34
Q

name of tumour of surface epithelia=

A

papilloma

35
Q

name of solid and surface glandular epithelia

A

adenoma

36
Q

malignant neoplasm of any epithelial origin

A

carcinoma

37
Q

suffix for malignant tumours of connective tissue

A

-sarcoma

38
Q

suffix for benign tumours of connective tissue

A

-oma

39
Q

what does a teratoma contain

A

all three embryological germ layers

40
Q

where are teratomas usually found

A

gonads (ovary/ testies)

41
Q

ovarian teratomas=

A

benign

42
Q

testicular teratomas=

A

malignant

43
Q

main characteristic of benign tumours

A

no capacity to metastasize

44
Q

5 facts about malignant tumours

A
  • rapid growth
  • ill defined boarders
  • infiltrate margins
  • invades surrounding tissue
  • ability to metastasize
45
Q

metastasis=

A

distant spread of neoplastic cells away from main (primary) neoplasm to form sub populations of cells not in continuity with primary

46
Q

3 routes of metastasis

A

haematogenous
lymphatic
transcoelomic

47
Q

main vessels metastasise flow in

A

veins (thinner walls)

48
Q

transcoelomic=

A

spreads directly across coelomic spaces and surfaces

49
Q

what is commonly transcoelomic spread

A

ovarian cancers

50
Q

what grade would a well differentiated tumour have

A

low grade

51
Q

what is the worst type of poor differentiation

A

anaplasia

52
Q

anaplasia=

A

malignant neoplasm composed of undifferentiated cells

53
Q

4 features of anaplasia

A

pleomorphism (variation in size and shape)
Abnormal nuclear morphology
mitoses
loss of polarity

54
Q

tumour grade=

A

based on degree of differentiation

55
Q

stage=

A

extent of tumour spread within the body

56
Q

what can stage help inform

A

prognosis and treatment

57
Q

TNM=

A 
t= primary tumour 
N= lymph node status
M= metastasis
58
Q

cachexia=

A 
wasting syndrome (usually in advanced cancer)
catabollic state resulting in profound loss of body fat and mass, weakness and anorexia
59
Q

what causes cachexia

A

action of molecules secreted by neoplasm and host response- TNF-alpha, IL-1, IFN-gamma

60
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome=

A

symptom complexes that cannot be explained by local or distant spread of tumour

Block 9 Ellen (21 decks)

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