Transport in Animals

Question 1

what structure is haemoglobin

Answer 1

• 4 amino acid chains added together
• quarternary
• an iron ion prosthetic group (congugated)

Question 2

How many oxygen molecules can Hb carry?

Answer 2

4 (8 oxygen atoms)

Question 3

oxygen +haemoglibin

Answer 3

oxyhaemoglibin

Question 4

An S shaped graph curve?

Answer 4

Sigmoid

Question 5

What is a sigmoid curve not

Answer 5

directly proportional

Question 6

How and why does Haemoglobin change shape?

Answer 6

• The confirmation changes with more oxygen molecules
• This changes its ability to associate with further oxygen molecules.

Question 7

How easy is it for the 02 molecule to attatch?

Answer 7

• the first one is hard
• the second and third are easily associated with haemoglobin.
• the 4th oxygen molecule finds it hard to associate because of the limited space. This is why the line plateaus

Question 8

Partial Pressure Of Oxygen (Kpa)

Answer 8

a measure of the concentration if 02.

Question 9

Fetal haemoglobin affinity?

Answer 9

Has stronger affinity to oxygen molecules.

Question 10

Placenta?

Answer 10

Oxygen in mothers blood diffuses into foetus blood.

Question 11

H+ ions bind to haemoglobin to create?

Answer 11

Haemoglobinic acid

Question 12

Fetal Hb - Sugmoidal curve

Answer 12

shift to the left

Question 13

What is Myoglobin?

Answer 13

A different kind of oxygen binding molecule.

Question 14

Where is Myoglobin?

Answer 14

Found in skeletal muscles because they need more oxygen for respiration.

Question 15

Myoglobin affinity?

Answer 15

Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin.

Question 16

Myoglobin - how is oxygen disassociated?

Answer 16

After haemoglobin dissociates, Myoglobin dissociates gradually.

Question 17

Myoglobin - Sigmoidal curve

Answer 17

Shifts to the left

Question 18

percentage distribution of CO2 transport?

Answer 18

5% absorbed in plasma
10% binds to haemoglobin creating carbaminohemaglobin
85% CO2 dissolved into carbonic acid

Question 19

CO2 + H2O =

Answer 19

H2CO3 carbonic acid

Question 20

what does carbonic acid do?

Answer 20

dissociate = H+ HCO3-

Question 21

What enzyme catalyses the reaction that makes carbonic acid?

Answer 21

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 22

where do hydrogen carbonate ions go?

Answer 22

they diffuse from the erythrocyte into the plasma.

Question 23

What do the dissociated H+ ions do?

Answer 23

They compete with oxygen for haemoglobin, causing oxygen to dissociate and reach respiring cells.

They bind to Hb to make haemoglobinic acid.

Question 24

What do Cl- ions do?

Answer 24

They balance out the H+ ions that dissociated.

This is called chloride shift

Question 25

explain the Bohr effect?

Answer 25

As CO2 concentration increases, more O2 dissociates. Haemoglobin less saturated. Sigmoidal curve shifts right.

Question 26

Structure of a red blood cell

Answer 26

Biconcave no nucleus=more room for O²

Question 27

Why do larger organisms need a circulatory system?

Answer 27

- small SA:V ratio - high metabolic rate

Question 28

How does CO2 leave the lungs (chemical process)

Answer 28

- at lung tissue, HCO3- ions move into erythrocytes. - reacts with H+ ions - carbonic acid formed - this broken down by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water. - chloride ions move out of erythrocytes.

Question 29

How does haemoglobin play a role in the reaction to form CO2 at the lungs?

Answer 29

acts as a buffer. absorbs extra H+ ions forming haemoglobinic acid.

Question 30

When one o2 molecules bind, its easier for more to bind...

Answer 30

positive cooperativity

Question 31

Positive cooperativity

Answer 31

when one molecule of O2 binds it makes it easier for the other mollecules to associate

Question 32

where do lymphocytes build up?

Answer 32

lymph node

Question 33

what happens at lymph node?

Answer 33

lymphocytes build up

Question 34

What is present in lymph and why?

Answer 34

fatty acids - absorbed into lymph from villi in small intestines.

Question 35

How is fluid transported in larger lymph vessels

Answer 35

squeezing of the body muscles.

Question 36

What structure is present in lymph vessels?

Answer 36

valves

Question 37

Where does lymph return to blood?

Answer 37

Right and left subclavian veins

Question 38

What is the function of smooth muscle in the arterioles?

Answer 38

can dialate and constrict to control the volume of blood to individual organs.

Question 39

why do arterioles have more smooth muscle?

Answer 39

to control bloodflow to capiliary beds

Question 40

Name the dialation and constriction of arterioles...

Answer 40

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 41

Elastic fibres in artery walls...

Answer 41

recoil in between heart contractions and help to "even out surges of blood"

Question 42

veins dont have a p...

Answer 42

pulseee

Question 43

largest componants of veins vs arteries

Answer 43

veins: collagen arteries: elastic fibres

Question 44

What does haemolymph do?

Answer 44

- it does not transport 0² and C0² - it transports food - it transports nitrogenous waste products - it carries cells involved in disease defence

Question 45

Where is the heart on a cute tiny insect?

Answer 45

along the thorax and abdomen

Question 46

Why is blood converted into carbonic acid?

Answer 46

to maintain a steep concentration gradient for co2 to diffuse into RB cells

Question 47

how does pH affect the oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 47

when pH decreases (gets more acidic), H+ ions will be acting as competitive inhibitors for haemoglobin so more oxygen will dissociate. curve shifts right. bohr affect