Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a level biology OCR > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

G1

A

Synthesis:
- protiens
-new organelles like centrosomes
- cell size increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

G1 CHECKPOINT

A

Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

S

A

Synthesis phase: DNA replicated via semi conservative replication, each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G2

A

Synthesis of molecules need for cell division.Duplicated DNAchecked for damage. cell increases in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

G2 CHECKPOINT

A

Checks for cell size, dna replication, and dna damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SPINDLE ASSEMNLY CHECKPOINT

A

Checks for chromosome attachment to spindle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What carries out checkpoint checks?

A

Cyclins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Order the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PROPHASE

A

DNA is condensed
Sister chromatids visible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

METAPHASE

A

Nuclear envelope has broken down
Centrioles move to poles of the cell.
Centrioles anchor spindle fibres.
Sister chromatids line along the middle of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ANAPHASE

A

Spindle fibres attach to centrosomes and get shorter.
This pulls the chromatids apart.
Centrosome splits with the division of chromatids.
Chromatids now called chromasomes.
Migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
Identical copy of full set of chromosomes at either end of the cell.
Cytoplasm starts to pinch in middle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

TELOPHASE

A

Nuclear envelope re formscaround each set of chromosomes.
Division spindle breaks down.
Pinch now deepened and called a cleavage furrow.
Chromosomes start to dispurse like before mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CYTOKENISIS

A
  • not part of mitisis
  • part where cell actually splits.
  • daughter cells will now move into G1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytokenis is not the same in plant cells…

A
  • instead of the cytoplasm splitting apart, they have a cell plate that forms down the middle of the cell.
  • only cells that undergoe mitosis are MERISTEM cells
  • plant cells do not have centrioles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chromatin

A

what constitutes chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bivalent

A

A replicated homologous pair. Two replicated chromosomes, one from each parent (4 sister chromatids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homologous

A

Same length, sequence and centromere location.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condense, and homologous chromosomes pair up to make bivalents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Bivalents line up at a random orientation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Spindle fibres shorten. Bivalents pulled apart, sister chromatids remain joined together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Telophase 1

A

nuclear envelope reforms. cleavage furrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prophase 2

A

Condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosome line up and spindle fibres attatch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Spindle fibres shorten, chromosomes pulled apart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromatids dispurse again, nuclear envolope reforms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chiasmata/ recombination

A

Bivalents form, DNA gets tangled, snaps off, and rejoins. Results in a different combination of alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Independant Segregation/ random assortment

A

Bivalent orientation is random. meaning a random assortment of chromosomes at each pole after anaphase stage. Results in a different combination of chromosomes after anaphase 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Neutrophil (4)

A

-White blood cell
-granules for energy storage
-Lysosomes contains hydrolytic enzymes
- multilobulated so it can squeeze through gaps

29
Q

Sperm Cell (5)

A
  • acrosomal vessel with enzymes
  • mitochondroin for energy
  • streamlined shape
  • flagellum for movement
  • nucleus contains half genetic info for zygote.
30
Q

Erythrocyte (4)

A
  • biconcave shape
  • no nucleus, more room for oxygen
  • haem group binds to oxygen
  • small snd flexible to fit into capillaries
31
Q

Palisade cell (2)

A

chloroplasts for photosynthesis
a large vacuole to maintain turger pressure

32
Q

Guard cell (3)

A
  • mitochondria for active transport
  • large surface area for osmosis
  • minerals and ions in cytoplasm so water enters the cell
33
Q

Squamous Epithelium (1)

A

one cell thick, so gas exchange is quick.

34
Q

Ciliated epithelium and goblet cells (2)

A
  • cilia for movement of mucas.
  • goblet cells to broduce the mucus
35
Q

Muscle tissue (1)

A

actin and myosin for muscle contractions and shortenings.

36
Q

Cartilage (1)

A

Firm but flexible to allow movement.

37
Q

Epidermal (2)

A
  • made of epithelial cells and guard cells.
  • stomata to allow gases to enter and exit.
38
Q

Xylem (2)

A
  • gaps in the end of cells for water
  • lignin so the walls are waterproof
39
Q

Phloem (2)

A
  • sievtube is like a really long steaw that allows movement.
  • companion cells that do all ghe hard work.
40
Q

Totipotent

A

has the total and utter potential to become anything.

41
Q

Pluripotent

A

can differentiate into all tissue types but not whole organisms. differentiate into any adult cell.

42
Q

Multipotent

A

Only differentiate into a range of cells within a certain type of tissue.

43
Q

can you distinguish the difference between genes and alleles?

A

Alleles are all the different types of certain gene e.g vanilla coca cola is a type of coca cola drink.

44
Q

what do plant cells not have?

A

centrioles

45
Q

What plant cells can undergoe mitosis?

A

Meristem cells

46
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes, one from ma and one from pa

47
Q

What is the number of cells that an embryo is totipotent for?

A

up to 8 or 16 cells (its first mitotic divisions)

48
Q

potential use of stem cells…

A

to treat diseases

49
Q

list diseases that stem cells could potentially treat..

A
  • heart disease
  • type 1 diabetes
  • parkinsons disease
  • alzheimers disease
  • macular degeneration
  • spinal injuries
50
Q

ways stem cells are already used…

A
  • burn treatment
  • drug trials- new drugs can be tested in a culture of stem cells
  • developmental biology - the study of growth and why things sometimes go wrong.
51
Q

adult stem cells are…

A

multipotent

52
Q

a cell divides [direction] during cell division

A

longitudinally *like vertically

53
Q

to diversify their genetics, bacteria undergoe

A

horizontal gene transfer

54
Q

when are chromosomes maximally condensed?

A

metaphase

55
Q

neutrophil features

A

contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes called lysozymes

have a multilibulated nucleus

56
Q

which cells undergoe phagacytosis

A

neutrophils
macrophages

57
Q

checkpoints

A
  • at G1, G2, S phase and during mitosis (to check for attachment of chromosomes to spindle fibres)
58
Q

unipotent cells

A

can divide to produce only one type of cell

59
Q

Multipotent

A

can develop into a limited number if cells

60
Q

what happens when a cell becomes specialised?

A

Some genes become activated. those activated genes are expressed.

61
Q

what happens after genes are activated in cell differentiation?

A

the expressed gene is transcribed into mRNA, and a protein is formed.
The presence of these proteins means the cell has become specialised.

62
Q

which stem cells can be used to treat human disorders and diseases?

A

pluripotent

63
Q

what is IPs

A

induced pluripotent stem cells. made from specialised somatic cells by activating genes using appropriate protein transcription factors

64
Q

developmental biology

A

used to learn more about how organs are formed. inform us on abnormalities and why organs fail.

65
Q

which stages in the cell cycle are common targets for anti cancer drugs?

A

G1
S

66
Q

a word to describe multiplication of cells

A

proliferation

67
Q

a word to describe multiplication of cells

A

proliferation

68
Q

where do spinfle fibres bind to an a centromere

A

kinetochore

69
Q

monocytes vc macrophages

A

macrophages are monocytes in tissue

a level biology OCR (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions