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a level biology OCR > Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired in a normal (resting) breath.

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2
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Volume of air inspired or expired in a minute (at normal breath)

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3
Q

Ventilation Rate

A

Number of breaths taken per minute

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4
Q

difference between endothelium vs epithelium?

A

Endothelium in blood vessels, Epithelium in alveoli.

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5
Q

Inspiration…

A
  • Diaphragm contracts, external intercostal muscles contract
  • thorax volume increases
  • air moves into lungs down air pressure gradient
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6
Q

Expiration

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes, internal intercostal muscles contract
  • volume of thorax decrease
  • air moves out of lungs.
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7
Q

How to find oxygen usage?

A

Gradient of trace on spirometer graph.

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8
Q

How do we maintain a steep concentration gradient across the alveoli and capillaries?

A

Constant inhalation replaces CO2 in alveoli with O2, so the concentration of O2 in alveoli is always higher than that of the blood.

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9
Q

What does the spirometer draw with?

A

A kymograph

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10
Q

Volume of air breathed in per min

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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11
Q

Pulmonary ventilation equation

A

Tidal vol x ventilation rate

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12
Q

why do fish need such adapted exchange surfaces?

A

Less oxygen dissolved in water than thre is in air.

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13
Q

Process of ventilation in FISH?

A
  • mouth opens
  • buccal cavity floor drops
    Water rushes into fishes mouth
  • opercular cavity expands
  • mouth closes
  • buccal cavity floor rises
  • water rushes into opercular cavity and across gills.
  • water flows out of operculum
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14
Q

Why is countercurrent used across gill lamellae?

A

Maintains a favourable concentration gradient across the entire diffusion surface.

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15
Q

Explain the movement of fluid in ventilation system of insects?

A

Fluid moves into tracheoles when at rest. when muscles are not at rest, fluid is drawn into muscle.

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16
Q

Movement of oxygen between cells and tracheoles?

A

Cells use oxygen for respiration.
Oxygen concentration is low in cells.
Oxygen diffuses into cells.

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17
Q

How are spiacles adapted to reduce water loss?

A
  • Close in non-optimal conditions
  • hairs that trap humid air
18
Q

what are trachea lined with?

A

CHITIN

19
Q

what are the tracheoles not made of?

A

CHITIN

20
Q

How does oxygen get to cells?

A

Diffuses into a fluid medium

21
Q

Why is tracheal fluid in tracheoles not ideal in times of high oxygen demand?

A

It limits the surface area of the tracheoles.

22
Q

explain how tracheal fluid moves into muscle cells?

A

Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, reduces water potential, tissue fluid moves into muscle cells.

23
Q

explain mechanical ventilation of tracheal system?

A

Muscles of the abdomen and thorax change the volume of the body of the insect. This changes the pressure inside the trachea, forcing air in and out.

24
Q

what is used as a resevoir of air in insects?

A

air sacs or collapsable enlarged trachea.

25
Q

How do air sacs in insects store air?

A

Thorax and abdomen created ventilating movement that inflates these air-resevoirs! now the insect can close its spiracles, yay !

26
Q

What does DGC stand for?

A

Discontinuous gas exchange cycles

27
Q

Name the 3 stages of DGC

A

Closed spiracles
Fluttering spiracles
Open spiracles

28
Q

what happens at “closed spiracles” DGC?

A

oxygen moves into cells, CO² moves out and is held in tissue fluid (buffering).

29
Q

What happens at “spiracles fluttering” DGC?

A

Spiracles open and close rapidly. moves oxygen into trachea whilst minimising water loss.

30
Q

What happens at “open spiracles” DGC?

A

CO² build up in tissue fluid leads to rapid flush of CO² out of trachea

31
Q

Give the safety precautions for using a spirometer…

A
  • sterilised mouthpiece
  • refreshed soda lime
  • no asthmatics
  • no air leaks in the apparatus.
32
Q

What does smooth muscle in bronchioles do?

A

conract to restrict airways. relax to dilate airways

33
Q

What is the shape of the cartilage in the trachea and why?

A

C shaped
It allows food to pass down an esophagus

34
Q

Define residual volume…

A

The air that remains in the lungs even after forced expiration.

35
Q

define vital capacity..

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled.

36
Q

Usual range for vital capacity…

A

2.5 to 5.0

37
Q

Adaptations of nasal cavity

A
  • large surface area, good blood supply. warms air to body temperature.
  • moist surfaces increase humidity and reduce evaporation from exchange surfaces.
  • hairy lining that produces and secretes mucus to trap pathogens.
38
Q

Residual volume

A

volume of air left in the lungs after forced expiration.

39
Q

what are tracheoles?…

A

single elongated cells with no chitin.

40
Q

Total lung capacity calculation

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

41
Q

Where is smooth muscle found in the lungs…

A

in the trachea, bronvhi abd brinchioles up to the bronvhioles ending.

42
Q

Why do larger organisms need a circulatory system?

A
  • high metabolic demand
  • low surface area to volume ratio
  • longer diffusion pathway
  • a slow rate of diffusion
  • slow rate of respiration

a level biology OCR (25 decks)

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