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a level biology OCR > specific immune response > Flashcards

specific immune response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

phagacyte

A

all types of white blood cell that is involved in phagacytosis

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2
Q

5 types of red blood cells

A

Never. Neutrophil
Let. Lymphocyte
Monkeys Monocyte
Eat. Eosinophil
Bananas. Basophil

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3
Q

two examples of phagacytes

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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4
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
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5
Q

T - lymphocytes

A

made in bone marrow
matured in thymus gland

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6
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocyte cells respond to cells that have been changed in some way.

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7
Q

what do cells need to be to invoke a response?

A

Changed…
by viral infection,
antigen processing,
mutation,
or to cells from transplanted tissue.

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8
Q

First step in cell mediated response

A
  • After phagacytosis, macrophages process antigens from the surface of the pathogens to become antigen presenting cell
  • the receptors of some t- helper cells fit with the specific antigen of the antigen presenting cell.
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9
Q

Fun fact about t- lymphocytes

A

There are about 10 mill different types of t- cells, each type with a different surface receptor

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10
Q

second step in cell mediated response

A

T helper cell activated and produces interlukins.
Stimulates more t - cells to divide more rapidly by mitosis.

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11
Q

what happens to activated t- helper cells

A

they are cloned

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12
Q

cloned t- cells, may develop onto or produce…

A
  • develop into t- memory cells
  • produce interlukins to stimulate phagacytosis
  • produce interlukins to stimulate B cells to divide.
  • develop into T killer cells.
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13
Q

What do all differentiated t cells have?

A

the same surface receptors as eachother.

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14
Q

T helper cells

A
  • release interlukins
  • interlukins stimulate other t- cells to differentiate
  • interlukins stimulate B cells to develop and mature
  • interlukins stimulate B cells to divide.
  • interlukins stimulate and attract macrophages to ingest the antigen antibody complexes.
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15
Q

T-killer cells…

A
  • a cytotoxic cell
  • have receptors that are complementary to antigens of the infected cell.
  • binds to infected cells and releases perforins, which make the membrane freely permeable, killing the cell
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16
Q

What are cytotoxic cells?

A

A type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.

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17
Q

T- memory cells..

A
  • stay in your body a long time after infection
  • called immunological memory
  • if they encounter the same pathogen again, they divide rapidly to form a huge colony of t-killer cells.
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18
Q

T memory cells are part of

A

immunological memory

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19
Q

T regulator cells

A
  • suppress the immune system, acting to control and regulate it.
  • stop immune response once a pathogen has been eliminated.
  • makes sure the body recognises self antigens and does not begin an autoimmune response.
  • interlukins are an important part of this.
20
Q

Cytokines

A

cell signalling molecules that attract white blood cells to the site of damage.
released in inflammatory response as well.

21
Q

opsonins

A

molecules that coat the pathogen so phagacytes can easily bind to it.

22
Q

opsonins include…

A
  • antibodies
  • complement proteins
  • other small circulating proteins
23
Q

Interferons

A

a chemical (cytokine) released by virus infected cells that alerts neighbouring cells and stimulates them to heighten their antiviral defence

24
Q

which cells are involved in the Humoral response

A
  • b lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • memory cells
25
Q

Where do B lymphacytes mature

A

in the bone marrow

26
Q

what is the humoral response?

A

when the body responds to antigens outside of cells. Like APCs, bacteria and fungi.

27
Q

give two properties of antibodies…

A
  • soluble in blood and plasma
  • when they are formed, they are not attached to cells.
28
Q

give two properties of antibodies produces by the humeral response…

A
  • soluble in blood and plasma
  • when they are formed, they are not attached to cells.
29
Q

another word for antibody

A

immunoglobulin

30
Q

state what happens in the stage just before clonal selection… humoral response

A
  • b lymphocytes have specific antibodies attached to their cell surface membrane.
  • a specific b cell’s complementary antibodies will attach to the antigens or toxins produced by a pathogen.
  • b cells engulfs and processes antigens and becomes an APC
31
Q

what do toxins act as in the humeral response

A

as antigens

32
Q

explain what happens in colonal expansion

A
  • b cell that has become an APC activated T helper cells bind to it.
33
Q

explain what happens after colonal expansion

A

interlukins from activated t helper cells activate B cells

34
Q

Explain colonal expansion

A

activated b cells divide into clones of plasma cells and memory cells.

35
Q

clonal expansion ….

A

increases number of activated B- cells.

36
Q

Humoral response b memory cells

A
  • if the body is infected by same pathogen, memory cells will differenciate into plasma clones.
37
Q

humoral response- plasma cells

A
  • produce antibodies complementary to antigens of pathogen.
  • act as opsonins and agglutinins
38
Q

difference between primary and secondary response

A

primary response-to a newly encountered antigen
Secondary response- to a previously encountered antigen

39
Q

how antibodies defend the body

A
  • pathogens can no longer invade a host cell once an antigen/antibody complex is formed.
  • antibody antigen complex acts as opsonin, so the complex is easily engulfed and digested by phahocytes.
  • antibodies can act as agglutinins. antigen antibodies complex pathogens clump together, making them easily detected and engulfed in larger numbers by pathogens.
40
Q

agglutinins

A

chemixals that cause oathogens to aggrivate together, aiding phagacytosis.

41
Q

antibodies structure explained (3)

A
  • two identical long polypeptide chains = long chains
  • two shorter polypeptide chains = short chains
  • disulfide bridges hold together polypeptides and also hold the chains together.
42
Q

antibody regions explained

A
  • the bottom of the antibody (stem of the y) is the constant region.
  • the tips of the antibody is the variable region.
  • hinge region st the crux of the Y before the strands branch out
43
Q

draw a picture of an antibody. label its features

A

https://www.savemyexams.com/a-level/biology/aqa/17/revision-notes/2-cell-structure/2-5-cell-recognition–the-immune-system/2-5-9-antigen-antibody-complex/

44
Q

Function of hinge region

A

makes the antibody flexible so it can bind to two separate antigens, one in each variable region.

45
Q

neutralisation- antibodies

A

antibodies bind to pathogen and prevent them from invading a cell

46
Q

What are macrophages

A

monocytes that leave the bloodstream and enter tissue.

a level biology OCR (25 decks)

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