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a level biology OCR > immunity - miscellaneous > Flashcards

immunity - miscellaneous Flashcards

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1
Q

Autoimmune diseases…

A

when the immune system stops recognising “self” cells and starts attacking healthy body tissue.

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2
Q

what do autoimmune diseases cause

A

chronic inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue

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3
Q

what drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases?

A

immunosupressants- although they deprive the body of its natural defence against communicable diseases.

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4
Q

causes of autoimmune diseases

A
  • immune system responds abnormally to mild pathogen or normal body microorganisms.
  • t - regulator cells do not work effectively.
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5
Q

name 3 autoimmune diseases

A
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • type 1 diabetes
  • lupus
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6
Q

Lupus effects

A
  • immune system attacks any organ in the body
  • often affects skin, joints and causes fatigue.
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7
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis affects

A
  • joints
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8
Q

Type 1 diabetes affects

A

insulin secreting cells of the pancreas

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9
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis treatments

A
  • no cure
  • steroids
  • antinflammatory drugs
  • immunosupressants
  • pain relief
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10
Q

Type 1 diabetes treatments

A
  • insulin injections
  • pancreas transplant
  • immunosupressants
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11
Q

lupus treatment

A
  • immunosupressants
  • steroids
  • anti-inflamitory drugs
  • no cure
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12
Q

Active immunity

A

when the body is exposed to antigens and develops an adaptive immune response. (the body creates its own antibodies)

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13
Q

passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

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14
Q

natural active immunity

A
  • when a body encounters a pathogen, the immune system produces T and B memory cells
  • if pathogen is encountered again, the immune system recognises pathogens and can easily destroy them.
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15
Q

natural passive immunity- babies

A
  • babies can not produce antibodies for the first few months.
  • some antibodies cross the placenta from mother to feutus
  • first milk of mammalian mother is colostrum. colostrum contains antibodies.
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16
Q

natural passive immunity- colostrum

A
  • high in antibodies
  • Infants gut allows these glycoprotiens to pass into the bloodstream.
  • lasts until child is able to make its own antibodies.
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17
Q

why does the body need artificial immunity?

A

some pathogens can kill people before the immune system makes the necessary antibodies.

18
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

immune system stimulated by safe form of an antigen to make memory cells as part of primary response.

when encountering live pathogen, memory cells are activated and pathogens are destroyed.

19
Q

how are pathogens made safe for vaccinations? 5

A
  • killed ir innactivated viruses or bacteria.
  • attenuated strains if live bacteria or viruses given orally
  • toxin molecules altered and detoxified
  • isolated antigens extracted
  • genetically engineered antigens
20
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

antibodies formed by one individual injected into another. Doesn’t last long but can be lifesaving.

21
Q

Example of artificial passive immunity

A
  • tetanus antibodies extracted by horses. Does not provide long-term immunity.
  • rabies
22
Q

epidemic

A

when a communicable disease spreads rapidly on a local or national level.

23
Q

pandemic

A

when a communicable disease spreads rapidly on a global scale, across a number of countries and continents.

24
Q

Herd immunity

A

when a large number of people are vaccinated. when individuals come into contact with a patient, they are less likely to present severe symptoms or symptoms at all. this protects those who do not have this immunity.

25
Q

2 disease that cannot be vaccinated against..

A

Malaria
HIV

26
Q

Malaria - no vaccination. why?

A

protoctist spends time in erythrocytes. protected by self antigens against the immune system.

within an infected individual, its antigens begin to shuffle.

27
Q

HIV - no vaccination. why?

A

enters macrophages and T- helper cells, so it disables the immune system itself.

28
Q

Drugs- Prialt

A

new pain killing drug 1000 times more effective than morphine

29
Q

Drugs- Docetaxel

A

treatment for breast cancer

30
Q

Drugs - Vancomycin

A

one of the most powerful antibiotics.

31
Q

Drugs - Digitoxin

A

used to treat digitalis and heart failure

32
Q

Drugs - Penicillin

A

antibiotic

33
Q

Drugs- aspirin

A

painkiller and anti platelet

34
Q

Pharmacogenetics - personalised medicine

A

a combination of drugs that work with your individual genetics and disease.

35
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

the variability of response to drug therapies in humans. how genes influence the metabolics of drugs.

36
Q

aggulins are produced by

A

antibodies

37
Q

aggulins

A

cause antibody antigen complexes to clump together.

38
Q

affect of aggulins

A

stops antigen- antibody complexes from miving around the body.
Makes it easier for oathogens to locate them.

39
Q

antitoxins are produced by

A

antibodies

40
Q

antitoxins are…

A

chemicals that bind to toxins produced by the pathogen.

a level biology OCR (25 decks)

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