immunity - miscellaneous

Question 1

Autoimmune diseases…

Answer 1

when the immune system stops recognising “self” cells and starts attacking healthy body tissue.

Question 2

what do autoimmune diseases cause

Answer 2

chronic inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue

Question 3

what drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases?

Answer 3

immunosupressants- although they deprive the body of its natural defence against communicable diseases.

Question 4

causes of autoimmune diseases

Answer 4

• immune system responds abnormally to mild pathogen or normal body microorganisms.
• t - regulator cells do not work effectively.

Question 5

name 3 autoimmune diseases

Answer 5

• rheumatoid arthritis
• type 1 diabetes
• lupus

Question 6

Lupus effects

Answer 6

• immune system attacks any organ in the body
• often affects skin, joints and causes fatigue.

Question 7

Rheumatoid arthritis affects

Answer 7

• joints

Question 8

Type 1 diabetes affects

Answer 8

insulin secreting cells of the pancreas

Question 9

Rheumatoid arthritis treatments

Answer 9

• no cure
• steroids
• antinflammatory drugs
• immunosupressants
• pain relief

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes treatments

Answer 10

• insulin injections
• pancreas transplant
• immunosupressants

Question 11

lupus treatment

Answer 11

• immunosupressants
• steroids
• anti-inflamitory drugs
• no cure

Question 12

Active immunity

Answer 12

when the body is exposed to antigens and develops an adaptive immune response. (the body creates its own antibodies)

Question 13

passive immunity

Answer 13

transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.

Question 14

natural active immunity

Answer 14

• when a body encounters a pathogen, the immune system produces T and B memory cells
• if pathogen is encountered again, the immune system recognises pathogens and can easily destroy them.

Question 15

natural passive immunity- babies

Answer 15

• babies can not produce antibodies for the first few months.
• some antibodies cross the placenta from mother to feutus
• first milk of mammalian mother is colostrum. colostrum contains antibodies.

Question 16

natural passive immunity- colostrum

Answer 16

• high in antibodies
• Infants gut allows these glycoprotiens to pass into the bloodstream.
• lasts until child is able to make its own antibodies.

Question 17

why does the body need artificial immunity?

Answer 17

some pathogens can kill people before the immune system makes the necessary antibodies.

Question 18

Artificial active immunity

Answer 18

immune system stimulated by safe form of an antigen to make memory cells as part of primary response.

when encountering live pathogen, memory cells are activated and pathogens are destroyed.

Question 19

how are pathogens made safe for vaccinations? 5

Answer 19

• killed ir innactivated viruses or bacteria.
• attenuated strains if live bacteria or viruses given orally
• toxin molecules altered and detoxified
• isolated antigens extracted
• genetically engineered antigens

Question 20

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 20

antibodies formed by one individual injected into another. Doesn’t last long but can be lifesaving.

Question 21

Example of artificial passive immunity

Answer 21

• tetanus antibodies extracted by horses. Does not provide long-term immunity.
• rabies

Question 22

epidemic

Answer 22

when a communicable disease spreads rapidly on a local or national level.

Question 23

pandemic

Answer 23

when a communicable disease spreads rapidly on a global scale, across a number of countries and continents.

Question 24

Herd immunity

Answer 24

when a large number of people are vaccinated. when individuals come into contact with a patient, they are less likely to present severe symptoms or symptoms at all. this protects those who do not have this immunity.

Question 25

2 disease that cannot be vaccinated against..

Answer 25

Malaria
HIV

Question 26

Malaria - no vaccination. why?

Answer 26

protoctist spends time in erythrocytes. protected by self antigens against the immune system.

within an infected individual, its antigens begin to shuffle.

Question 27

HIV - no vaccination. why?

Answer 27

enters macrophages and T- helper cells, so it disables the immune system itself.

Question 28

Drugs- Prialt

Answer 28

new pain killing drug 1000 times more effective than morphine

Question 29

Drugs- Docetaxel

Answer 29

treatment for breast cancer

Question 30

Drugs - Vancomycin

Answer 30

one of the most powerful antibiotics.

Question 31

Drugs - Digitoxin

Answer 31

used to treat digitalis and heart failure

Question 32

Drugs - Penicillin

Answer 32

antibiotic

Question 33

Drugs- aspirin

Answer 33

painkiller and anti platelet

Question 34

Pharmacogenetics - personalised medicine

Answer 34

a combination of drugs that work with your individual genetics and disease.

Question 35

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 35

the variability of response to drug therapies in humans. how genes influence the metabolics of drugs.

Question 36

aggulins are produced by

Answer 36

antibodies

Question 37

aggulins

Answer 37

cause antibody antigen complexes to clump together.

Question 38

affect of aggulins

Answer 38

stops antigen- antibody complexes from miving around the body.
Makes it easier for oathogens to locate them.

Question 39

antitoxins are produced by

Answer 39

antibodies

Question 40

antitoxins are…

Answer 40

chemicals that bind to toxins produced by the pathogen.