immunity - miscellaneous Flashcards
Autoimmune diseases…
when the immune system stops recognising “self” cells and starts attacking healthy body tissue.
what do autoimmune diseases cause
chronic inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue
what drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases?
immunosupressants- although they deprive the body of its natural defence against communicable diseases.
causes of autoimmune diseases
- immune system responds abnormally to mild pathogen or normal body microorganisms.
- t - regulator cells do not work effectively.
name 3 autoimmune diseases
- rheumatoid arthritis
- type 1 diabetes
- lupus
Lupus effects
- immune system attacks any organ in the body
- often affects skin, joints and causes fatigue.
Rheumatoid arthritis affects
- joints
Type 1 diabetes affects
insulin secreting cells of the pancreas
Rheumatoid arthritis treatments
- no cure
- steroids
- antinflammatory drugs
- immunosupressants
- pain relief
Type 1 diabetes treatments
- insulin injections
- pancreas transplant
- immunosupressants
lupus treatment
- immunosupressants
- steroids
- anti-inflamitory drugs
- no cure
Active immunity
when the body is exposed to antigens and develops an adaptive immune response. (the body creates its own antibodies)
passive immunity
transfer of antibodies from one individual to another.
natural active immunity
- when a body encounters a pathogen, the immune system produces T and B memory cells
- if pathogen is encountered again, the immune system recognises pathogens and can easily destroy them.
natural passive immunity- babies
- babies can not produce antibodies for the first few months.
- some antibodies cross the placenta from mother to feutus
- first milk of mammalian mother is colostrum. colostrum contains antibodies.
natural passive immunity- colostrum
- high in antibodies
- Infants gut allows these glycoprotiens to pass into the bloodstream.
- lasts until child is able to make its own antibodies.
why does the body need artificial immunity?
some pathogens can kill people before the immune system makes the necessary antibodies.
Artificial active immunity
immune system stimulated by safe form of an antigen to make memory cells as part of primary response.
when encountering live pathogen, memory cells are activated and pathogens are destroyed.
how are pathogens made safe for vaccinations? 5
- killed ir innactivated viruses or bacteria.
- attenuated strains if live bacteria or viruses given orally
- toxin molecules altered and detoxified
- isolated antigens extracted
- genetically engineered antigens
Artificial passive immunity
antibodies formed by one individual injected into another. Doesn’t last long but can be lifesaving.
Example of artificial passive immunity
- tetanus antibodies extracted by horses. Does not provide long-term immunity.
- rabies
epidemic
when a communicable disease spreads rapidly on a local or national level.
pandemic
when a communicable disease spreads rapidly on a global scale, across a number of countries and continents.
Herd immunity
when a large number of people are vaccinated. when individuals come into contact with a patient, they are less likely to present severe symptoms or symptoms at all. this protects those who do not have this immunity.
2 disease that cannot be vaccinated against..
Malaria
HIV
Malaria - no vaccination. why?
protoctist spends time in erythrocytes. protected by self antigens against the immune system.
within an infected individual, its antigens begin to shuffle.
HIV - no vaccination. why?
enters macrophages and T- helper cells, so it disables the immune system itself.
Drugs- Prialt
new pain killing drug 1000 times more effective than morphine
Drugs- Docetaxel
treatment for breast cancer
Drugs - Vancomycin
one of the most powerful antibiotics.
Drugs - Digitoxin
used to treat digitalis and heart failure
Drugs - Penicillin
antibiotic
Drugs- aspirin
painkiller and anti platelet
Pharmacogenetics - personalised medicine
a combination of drugs that work with your individual genetics and disease.
Pharmacogenetics
the variability of response to drug therapies in humans. how genes influence the metabolics of drugs.
aggulins are produced by
antibodies
aggulins
cause antibody antigen complexes to clump together.
affect of aggulins
stops antigen- antibody complexes from miving around the body.
Makes it easier for oathogens to locate them.
antitoxins are produced by
antibodies
antitoxins are…
chemicals that bind to toxins produced by the pathogen.