Hormonal communication Flashcards
Adrenal cortex
steroid based:
- glucocorticoids
- mineralcorticoids
Glucacorticoids
- metabolism of carbs, protein and lipids.
- immune function
- e.g cortisol
Mineralcorticoids
- regulate potassium and sodium levels in blood.
- e.g aldosterone
Pancreas endocrine or exocrine?
both
Adrenal glands endocrine or exocrine?
endocrine
how are pancreas exocrine
sectrete digestive enzymes into ducts
glycogenisis
stimulated by glucagon to convert glucose to glycogen
effect of insulin on membrane
binds to receptors on myscle cell membranes.
Muscle cells increase quantity of glucose channel protiens.
where does glucagon travel to?
liver cells via the blood
Secretion of insulin stepss
- glucose diffuses into beta cells
- glucose is metabolised producing ATP
- As ATP conc increases, K+ ion channels close so less K+ ions diffuse out of the cell.
- voltage gated Ca2+ channels open.
- Ca2+ that diffuses inside causes vesicles to fuse with the membrane (exocytosis)
glucagon and insulin or Rate Of Respiration
glucagon decrease it, insulin increases it
Mechanism of glucagon in glycogenolysis
- glucagon binds to receptors in membrane of liver
- activates enzyme adenylate cyclase, converts ATP -> cAMP
- cAMP activates protien kinase that begins an enzyme cascade.
glucagon mechanism - glycogenolysis. how is it negative feedback?
-Glucagon binds to receptos on liver cells.
-liver cells produce enzymes that convert glycogen to glucose.
- alpha cells detect increase in glucose conc and stop producing glucagon
gluconeogenesis
liver cells for glucose from glycerol and amino acids
Adrenaline
- produced in adrenal medulla
- activates gluconeogenisis
- inhibits glycogenesis
- promotes secretion of glucagon, inhibits sectretion if insulin.
diabetes full name
diabetes mellitus
type 1 diabetes
beta cells attacked by immune system
hyperglycaemia
+ glucose conc
hypoglycaemia
- blood glucose
Treatment of type 1- present
insulin injection. blood glucose monitering.
future treatment of type 1
- stem cell therapy (new beta cells transplanted into pancreas)
- gene therapy ( editing genes coding for beta cells to prevent them from being destroyed by the immune system)
Type 2 diabetes
body cells stop responding to insulin OR pancreas no longer produces enough.
Treatment of type 2
often by dietary changes, in some cases medication, in rarer cases insulin injection
