Communicable Diseases and Immunity

Question 1

what do bacteria not have (prokaryote specific)

Answer 1

Membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Examples of bacterium

Answer 2

TB, Meningitis, Ring Rot

Question 3

How does bacteria reproduce?

Answer 3

Binary fission

Question 4

How do we stain bacterium?

Answer 4

gram staining

Question 5

what does gram staining show?

Answer 5

The type of cell wall that the bacterium has.
Gram negative or gram positive.

Question 6

What are the results for gram staining?

Answer 6

Gram negative - red
Gram positive - blue purple (like MRSA)

Question 7

Why is gram staining useful?

Answer 7

To see the type of cell walll because the type of cell wall affects what antibiotics are used.

Question 8

How does bacteria affect body cells?

Answer 8

Produces toxins and/or kills the cell.

Question 9

What are bacteriophages?

Answer 9

Viruses that infect bacterium.

Question 10

are viruses smaller than bacterium? by how much?

Answer 10

yes, by 50 times.

Question 11

Name the basic structure of a virus?

Answer 11

some genetic material (can be RNA or DNA) surrounded by proteins

Question 12

List Viruses

Answer 12

• HIV
• Rhinovirus
• herpes
• influenza
• tobacco mosaic virus

Question 13

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 13

Viral genetic information takes over “biochemistry” host cell and producing replicas.

Question 14

How do viruses evolve?

Answer 14

By making adaptations to the host cell.

Question 15

How can bacteriophages be used?

Answer 15

To identify and treat bacteria related diseases

Question 16

What are the bits on the outside of viruses called?

Answer 16

spike proteins

Question 17

Explain the viral reproduction process in host cells… (5 points)

Answer 17

1. virus attatches to outside of host cell.
2. virus inserts viral nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
3. viral nucleic acids replicated
4. If viral nucleic acid is RNA, viral proteins will be synthesised
5. lysis, toxic products

Question 18

What are protists?

Answer 18

Eukaryotes

Question 19

what are protists found as?

Answer 19

Single celled organisms and colonies of cells

Question 20

What is special about protists?

Answer 20

They are parasitic and often use host vectors and sometimes through water.

Question 21

Where do pathogenic fungi often live live on mammals?

Answer 21

Between layers of skin

Question 22

Fungal projections…

Answer 22

hyphae

Question 23

Fungi animals vs plants…

Answer 23

Cause more devistation in plants

Question 24

In which domain do fungi belong?

Answer 24

Eukarya / eukaryotic

Question 25

How do fungi digest their food?

Answer 25

extracellularly

Question 26

Fungi that feed on dead and decaying matter...

Answer 26

saprophytes

Question 27

Fungi that feed on living matter...

Answer 27

parasites

Question 28

What can bacterial toxins do to cells? 3 points

Answer 28

- damage membrane - inactivate or damage enzymes - interfere with host cells' genetic information.

Question 29

Death distribution per year...

Answer 29

- 23% communicable diseases - 68% non-communicable - 9% injury

Question 30

cause of potato blight

Answer 30

fungus- like protist oomycete

Question 31

cause of black sigatoka

Answer 31

fungus

Question 32

cause of ring rot

Answer 32

bacterium

Question 33

What does TB do?

Answer 33

Damage and destroy lung tissue, supress immune system.

Question 34

What does bacterial meningitis cause?

Answer 34

- infection of the meninges of the brain (protective layers on the outside of the brain) - septicemia

Question 35

What cells does HIV target?

Answer 35

T- helper cells

Question 36

How do mosquitoes transmit malaria? 3 points

Answer 36

- vector - plasmodium present in salivery gland - transfer paritite from mosquito to human blood upon injection

Question 37

What do viruses do to cells?

Answer 37

take over the cell metabolism

Question 38

what do protoctista

Answer 38

take over cells and break them as a new generation emerges. Dont take over the genetic information. digests cell contents.

Question 39

what do fungi do?

Answer 39

digest living cells

Question 40

what do bacterium do?

Answer 40

toxins that damage cell membranes, deactivate enzymes or damage genetic material so host cells can not divide.

Question 41

name of TB bacterium

Answer 41

myobacterium tuberculosis

Question 42

a disease that can spread from animal to humans?

Answer 42

zoonotic disease

Question 43

Methods of Transmission of pathogens between animals and animals (6)

Answer 43

- innoculation - fomites - droplet infection - vectors - ingestion - direct contact

Question 44

direct transmission

Answer 44

- innoculation - ingestion - direct contact

Question 45

Innoculation

Answer 45

through breaks in the skin

Question 46

direct contact

Answer 46

from skin to skin contact

Question 47

ingestion

Answer 47

eating or drinking contaminated substances

Question 48

fomites

Answer 48

equipment and inanimate objects

Question 49

droplet infections

Answer 49

pathogens expelled via minute droplets of saliva and mucus

Question 50

vectors- animal

Answer 50

disease carried from one host to another. can be an animal or water.

Question 51

factors affecting animal disease

Answer 51

- overcrowding - poor nutrition - poor waste disposal - climate change - socioeconomic factors like lack of trained health workers

Question 52

transmission between plants- direct

Answer 52

direct contact with an infected plant.

Question 53

Transmission between plants- indirect

Answer 53

contaminated soil and vectors ( wind, water, animals and humans) an example would be contaminated pollen.

Question 54

factors affecting transmission in plants

Answer 54

- overcrowding - poor mineral nutrition - damp warm conditions - planting disease susceptible crops

Question 55

How do plant cells recognise attack?

Answer 55

- receptors in cells respond to molecules sent by pathogens or to chemicals produced when the plant wall is attacked.

Question 56

How do plant cells respond to attacks

Answer 56

signalling molecule is released. It switches on genes in the nucleaus that causes a cellular response.

Question 57

3 cellular responses that plant cells produce when being attacked by pathogens

Answer 57

produces defensive chemicals sending alarm signals to neighbouring uninfected cells physically strengthening cell walls

Question 58

how does a plant cell physically strengthen its walls?

Answer 58

Deposits callose between cell wall and cell membrane, in plasmodesmata and sieve plates beta 1,3 and 1,6 linkages lignin is also added

Question 59

plants do not ...

Answer 59

repair damaged cells

Question 60

some defence molecules...

Answer 60

directly target pathogens

Question 61

list chemical defences

Answer 61

- insect repellants - antigungal compounds - antibacterial compounds - imsecticides

Question 62

list 2 insect repellents

Answer 62

- citronella - pine resin

Question 63

List 2 insecticides

Answer 63

- caffeine - pyrethins

Question 64

list 2 antibacterial and anti fungal compounds

Answer 64

- phenols - saponins

Question 65

What does a plant cell deposit between the cell wall and plasma membrane and in plasmadesmata

Answer 65

callose