Biological molecules Flashcards
Properties of water
-surface tension
- adhesion
- cohesion
- specific heat capacity
- latent heat of evaporation
- solvent for polar molecules
- density
Monosaccharides
individual units of sugar
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides bonded- a dimer.
difference between alpha and beta glucose
alpha glucose has hydrogen above OH on the first carbon. Beta glucose has the reverse.
lactose
Galactose and glucose
Maltose
Alpha glucose and Alpha glucose
Sucrose
Fructose and glucose
Reducing sugar
a sugar that donates electrons (to the benedicts solution)
Glycogen- monomer
Alpha glucose
Glycogen bonds
1,4 1,6
Glycogen structure
Branched, more energy from hydrolysis
amylose monomer
Alpha glucose
Amylose bonds
1,4
Amylose structure
complex helix, unbranched
Amylopectin monomer
Alpha glucose
Amylopectin bonds
1,4 1,6
Amylopectin structure
Branched, less so than glycogen
Cellulose monomer
Beta glucose
Cellulose bonds
1,4
Cellusose structure
unbranched, hydrogen bonds between strands.
microfibrils- macrofibrils- cellulose fibre
Fatty acids structure
Methyl group. hydrocarbon chain. carboxylic group.
some saturated, some unsaturated.
Glycerol structure
3 carbon atoms
3 OH
The rest are carbon atoms
Triglyceride
3 fatty acids, one glycerol. joined together by ester bonds.
Glycosidic bonds
Bonds between monosaccharides
Phospholipids
like a triglyceride but instead of 3 fatty acids, has 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol.
Amino acid structure
An amine end (NHH) and a carboxyl end. has an R group, which is a variable region that changes based on which amino acid it is.
peptide bond
Bond between amino acids
Primary structure
A chain of sequenced amino acids, joined by peptide bonds.
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds begin to form, joining parts of the chain. (alpha helix or beta pleated sheets)
Tertiary structure
Disulphide bridges, ionic bonds between R groups. This folds the polypeptide into a 3 dimensional protien.
Quarternary structure
Two or more tertiary structures together. protiens like haemoglobin, insulin ect
Conjugated protein
A protein with another chemical group (a prosthetic group) that forms part of the protien.
list the order of magnitude of cellulose fibre…(ascending order)
- cellulose
- microfibrils
- macro fibrils
- cellulose fibre
What are biosensors?
Biological componants used to determine presence and concentration of biological molecules.
What do we call “ the compound under investigation”?
The analyte
What binds to the analyte in a biosensor? What does it do?
a protien or a single strand of DNA. It interacts with the analyte.
What happens after mollecular recognition in a biosensor?
- The interaction between anayte and protien or DNA causes a change across transducer.
- the transducer will produce a response.
What sort of responses could a transducer induce?
- release an immobalised dye on a test strip.
- release an electric current.
roles of lipids (7)
- thermal insulation to reduce heat loss
- cushioning to protect vital organs
- buoyancy for aquatic animals
- electrical impulse insulation for impulse transmission
- hormone production
- membrane formation
- water proofing (hydrophobic)
Talk about the structure of fibrous protiens… 4 things
high proportion of hydrophobic R groups
limited range of amino acids
Small R groups
primary structure usually quite repetitive.
Talk about the structure of globular proteins…
Hydrophobic areas pointing inwards.
Roughly a spherical shape.
Name for a protein without prosthetic group..
simple protein
is starch fiund in animals?
nope
how is surface tension generated in water?
water molecules in contact with the air have stronger attraction to eachother than water molecules in the main body of water.
biological molecule with the most evergy per mass?
triglycerides duh
why are triglycerides a good sources of energy in cells?
insoluble
