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Transcription/translation Flashcards

1
Q

How many hydorgen bonds between G-C

A

3

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2
Q

How mnay hydrogen bonds between A-T

A

2

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3
Q

what is at the 5’ end?

A

Phosphate group

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4
Q

What is at the 3’ end?

A

OH group

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5
Q

What are the two strands of DNA?

A

Antiparallele

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6
Q

Which way are new dna or rna molecules ALWAYS synthesised?

A

5’-3’

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7
Q

promoter sequence

A

Region at the start of the gene

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8
Q

terminator seqeunce

A

stop signal to indicate end of the gene

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9
Q

structural genes

A

code for proteins that are involved in structre and function

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10
Q

introns

A

non-coding sections within a gene

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11
Q

exons

A

coding sections within a gene

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12
Q

What is transcrpition?

A

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

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13
Q

What is translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptiide/protein whose specfiic seqeunce of amino acids is determined by the mRNA base sequence.

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14
Q

What does a three base sequence of DNA code for?

A

Triplet

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15
Q

What des a three base sequence m-RNA code for

A

codon

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16
Q

What does a three base sequence of tRNa code for

A

anticodon

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17
Q

What are introns and exon

A

The coding regions of genes

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18
Q

what happens to exons?

A

They are both transcribed and translated

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19
Q

What happens to introns

A

they are only transcribed.

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20
Q

Do bacteria posses introns?

A

no

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21
Q

What are flanking regions?

A

regions of DAN on either side of the cooding region of a gene

22
Q

What are the two flanking regions

A

Upstream region

Downstream Regiono

23
Q

Upstream region

A

Section of DNA befre the start of the coding region (includes promotor sequence

24
Q

Downstream Region

A

Located after the end of the coding region of a gene. Includes the end transcrption signal which terminates transcription

25
Q

What is a promotor?

A

Control region of upstream region that exists to switch gene on or off

26
Q

What do promotors have in them

A

TATA box

27
Q

What initiates transcription?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

28
Q

What are promotors like in prokayrotes

A
  • Two essential sequences
  • One is recognised by RNA polymerase
  • Second is that TATA box where DNA begins to seperate
29
Q

What is DNA transcribed into

A

mRNA

30
Q

Why is it that an organism must make a mobile copy of genetic instructuions?

A

DNA cannot move outside of the nucleus

31
Q

where does transcription occue

A

Euk-Nucleus

Prok-Cytoplasm

32
Q

Explain the steps in transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase attaches to promotor region (upstream region)
  2. DNA unwound by RNA polymerase, breaks weak hydrogen bonds now unpaird bases are exposed
  3. RNA polymerase contructs pre mRNA by collecting free RNA nucleotides
  4. DNA reforms to make a double helix
33
Q

What does pre-mRNA contain?

A

Introns and exons

34
Q

What direct is RNA transcript assembeled in?

A

5’-3’

35
Q

Explain post transcription modification

A

Enzymes cut out introns from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons are joined together and a methly cap is adde and a poly-A-tail to the other.

36
Q

Where does the mRNA go?

A

Leaves the nucleus via a nuclear pore to perform its functiion at the ribosomes.

37
Q

What is a codon

A

three base sequence of mRNA

38
Q

What number of bases is mRNA translated in

A

3

39
Q

What is the start codon for translation?

A

AUG

40
Q

When does translation end?

A

The entire protein is coded for by many codons untill a stop codon is reached

41
Q

Where are the amino acids needed to make up the protein found?

A

In the cytosol

42
Q

Explain the process of translation

A

mRNA codon is translated the tRNA with the complementary anticodon will pair with the mRNA codon via base pairs
When this happens an amino acid is deposited and a peptide bind forms between the amino acid and the growing polypeptide chain

43
Q

What is a tRNA molecules

A
  • coiled RNA molecules
  • 3-base sequneces
  • one end an anticodon and at the other is a region that attaches to one specfic amino acid.
44
Q

Explain gene regulation in eukaryotes

A

Cell needs to control which genes are turned off an on at any one time.

45
Q

Explain gene regulation in bacteria

A

Repressor proteins prevent the binding of RNA polymerase to keep the upstream flanking region of a gene, therefore keeping the gene turned off.

46
Q

What is an operon

A

Functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter.

47
Q

Briefly explain the operation of lac operon

A
  • Bacteria use lactose as a food source
  • iif there is no lactose present within the cell the repressor proteinn atttaches to the operator sequence and blocks transcriiption
  • if lactose enters the cell then it removes the repressor protein and the RNA polymerase can bind to the promotor.
48
Q

What are homeotic genes?

A

Regulator genes that play an important role in the embryotic developemtn of vertebrates and insects.

49
Q

what can adding a double stranded RNA molecule do?

A

Cause a gene to be slienced

50
Q

How does RNA inferencing work?

A
  1. Add a long dsRNA to the cell
  2. Enxyme cuts it into short fragment
  3. These fragments combine with particular proteins to form a RNA-induced silencing complex
  4. Target mRNA broken down
  5. By breaking mRNA down the protein encoded by the gene cannot be produced

Biol (22 decks)

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