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Biol > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathogen

A

Disease causing celllular or non-cellualr agent

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2
Q

Define Disease

A

Any abnormality or failure in the body enabllibng it to not function properly

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3
Q

Define Parasite

A

An organism that lives on a host. This use the host for foood/shelter and contributng nothing to the hosts welfare

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4
Q

List the ways disease can be transmitted

A
  • Direct contact (touching kissing etc etc)
  • Exchange of bodily fluids
  • Water
  • Indirect contact (bed linen)
  • Air e.g sneezing
  • Food
  • Vectors
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5
Q

What are vectors

A

Oraganisms that carry disease

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6
Q

Are prions cellular or non-cellular

A

Non-cellular

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7
Q

Where are prions produced

A

Nerve Cells

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8
Q

What do prions look like?

A

Folded pieces of protein

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9
Q

What do prions cause?

A

Degenerative neurological diseases

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10
Q

Where are prions located

A

Neurons

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11
Q

What are the two ways that you can get a prion infection

A
  • Accquired infection: e.g contaminated meat

- Hereditary trait

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12
Q

Is there a treatment/cure for those who are affected by prions

A

NO

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13
Q

What is a normal prion protein referred to as?

A

PrPc

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14
Q

How do prions spread when in the body?

A

When a defective prions comes in contact with a normal prion it converts it into a infectious prion protein. This is all via simple contact.

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15
Q

What do prions eventually cause the cell to do?

A

Burst

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16
Q

What would you see in a deceased persons brain who was infected with prions and why?

A

Holes due to the prions bursting

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17
Q

Can prions be destroyed with heat or chemicals?

A

No

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18
Q

Are viruses cellular or non-cellular

A

Non-cellualr

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19
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

A core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat also known as a capsid

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20
Q

What organisms do viruses infect?

A

All

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21
Q

Do viruses need to reproduce?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What shape are most viruses?

A

Shperical

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23
Q

Where can viruses only reproduce?

A

Inside a host cell

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24
Q

How do viruses invade host cells>

A
  • Piercing cells surface
  • Attaching to receptor sites and inject their genetic components
  • A cell may take a virus in via endocytosis
  • Injected genetic material will provide instructions to create new viral proteins
  • injected material may lie hidden in the host cell before becoming active
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25
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

A specific group of virsues that infect bacteria.

-they land and inject there DNA

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26
Q

What are some examples of viruses

A
  • DNA-smallpox, herpes, warts

- RNA-hepatitis, influenza, aids

27
Q

What does HIV attach to and attack

A

Helper T cells and macrophages

28
Q

What are viroids made up of?

A

Short pieces of naked RNA

29
Q

Define Bacteria

A

Uni-cellular organisms that are all eurkaryotic

30
Q

What do bacteria not have?

A

No membrane bound organelles or a nucleus

31
Q

What do Bacteria have structurally

A
  • Cell wall
  • Single stranded chromosome
  • Ribosomes
  • Flagella
32
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary Fission

33
Q

What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Coccus (round)
  • Bacillus (rod)
  • Spirochaete (sprial)
34
Q

What happens in binary fission?

A

Bacteria replicate their own DNA then split in 2 One cell divides every 20 minutes

35
Q

What happens when bacteria is exposed to extreme conditions such as heat and dryness?

A

Forms a protective coating also known as a spore

36
Q

Are all bacteria pathogens?

A

No some are used in the gut and others for digestion

37
Q

How is bacteria transferred

A

Via mucus, food, air, contact and vectors

38
Q

Example of bacterial disease

A
  • Food poising

- Sore throat

39
Q

Are bacteria cellular?

A

Yes

40
Q

Are protozoa cellular?

A

YEs

41
Q

What are protozoa

A

They are uni-cellular eurkaryotic organisms

42
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

Asexually or sexually

43
Q

What are the three classes of protozoa? and give an example for each

A
  • Flagellates-diarrhoea
  • Sporozoans-malaria
  • Amoebas
44
Q

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

They can be both

45
Q

What are the three classifications of fungi in humans

A
  • moulds
  • true-yeasts
  • fungi -like yeasts
46
Q

What are worms

A

Multi cellular and eukaryotic

47
Q

How do worms replicate

A

Reproduce

48
Q

What are arthropods?

A

Insects usually a vector carrying a disease

49
Q

What are oomycetes

A

Pathogens which cause diseases in plants

50
Q

Define a non-infectious disease

A

Diseases that cannot be transmitted from one individual to another

51
Q

Define an infectious disease

A

Disease cause by another organism, can be transmitted from one organism to another

52
Q

Define infection

A

The invasion and growth of harmful cellular/non-cellular agent within the body of a host

53
Q

Define carrier

A

Host to a pathogen, does not expereice signs or symptoms but can trasmit diseas to others

54
Q

Define infectious disease

A

Caused by the invasion and growth of a pathogen within an organism

55
Q

Define host

A

the organism in or upon which a parasite feeds

56
Q

Define prions

A

Abnormal and infectious pieces of proteins

57
Q

Can all humans make prion proteins

A

yes all humans contain dna that can be made into prions

58
Q

What happens when the genetic material has been injected into the cell from a viirus

A

Viral DNA reprograms the host cell chromosome to make many new viral copies

59
Q

Define epedemic

A

rapid spread of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time

60
Q

Define Pandemic

A

INfectious diease that has spead through human populations across a large region

61
Q

What are virioids

A

Short pieces of naked RNA

62
Q

What can bacteria produce?

A

toxins which can be toxic to humans

63
Q

Define an antibiotic

A

Substance that destroys bacteria and other microorganisms

Biol (22 decks)

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