Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol > Biomacromolecules > Flashcards

Biomacromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of nucleotides?

A

DNA

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA is found on a single chromosome in the cytoplasm. RNA is found either in the cytoplasm or in the ribosomes.m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA is found in nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm and ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name all five nitrogenous bases

A 
Adenine
Guanine
Cyotsine
Thymine
Uracil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the bases are purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the bases are pyrimidines

A

Thymine
Uracil
Cytocine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the bonds called that link two nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A
  • Source of energy
  • Storing energy
  • Structural
  • Chemical Reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define monosaccharides

A

Sugars consisting of one sugar unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define disaccharides

A

Sugars composed of two sugar units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Polysaccharides

A

Polymer made of many monomers (sugars) linked together by glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Difference between simple and complex carbohydrates

A

Simples is containing one or two sugar molecules and complex is many sugar units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of sugars?

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  • Suagr
  • Base (Nitrogenous)
  • Phosphate Group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many carbons are present on a sugar of a nucleotide.

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain Lipid Formation

A

Lipids are formed when fatty acids combine with glycerol. When this happens a water molecule is released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functions of Lipids

A
  • Energy Storage
  • Components of cell membrane
  • Thermal Insulation
  • Specific biological roles e.g hormones, vitamins and co-enzymes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain lipids solubility in water

A

Lipids are insoluble in water meaning they are non-polar and are hydrophobic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Like dissolves ……………….?

A

Like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the polymers of bio macromolecules

A
  • Polysaccaharides
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define Quaternary Structure

A

Multiple polypeptide chains

e.g haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define Globular Proteins

A

Compact shape with random coils, irregular structure regions allow polypeptide chain to loop and fold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

List the four different structures of proteins.

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define Fatty Acids

A

Hydrocarbon chains that usually contain an even number of carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are proteins help together by?

A

Peptide Bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the structure of amino acids

A
  • Amino Group (NH2)
  • Carboxly (COOH)
  • R Group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Name the three types of secondary structures

A
  • Alpha Helix
  • Beta Pleated Sheets
  • Random coils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain the tertiary structure

A
  • Also known as the confirmation shape it is a 3-D structure that has become this way due to coiling and folding
  • Single Polypeptide chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What atoms are in lipids?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define Fibourous Proteins

A

Repetitive structure with alpha helix and beta pleated sheets.

e.g keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What atoms are in proteins

A

SPONCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are amino acids

A

-Monomers for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

A

CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How many strands does RNA have?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Function and example of glycolipid

A

Recognition sites on plasma membranes, e.g glycolipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function and example of steroids

A

Component of signalling molecules

e.g cholesterol, sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Functions of Proteins

A 
Transport
Enzymes
Antibodies
Contractile
Proteins
Hormones
Exported Proteins
Receptors
Structural Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Explain the R group in the amino acids

A

The R group is responsible for the chemical properties of the amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

List the three important amino acids

A

Proline
Glycine
Cystenine

47
Q

A peptide vs a polypeptide

A

A peptide is a small number of amino acids

A polypeptide is a large amount of amino acids

48
Q

How are polypeptides formed?

A

Condensation polymerisation

49
Q

Explain saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated

A 
Unsaturated fatty acids have
-a low melting point
-usually liquid at room temperature
-hydrocarbon chains are the same length 
Saturated fatty acids
-solid at room temperature
-high melting point
-different lengths of hydro-carbon chains
50
Q

What is the process called when polymers are joined and taken apart?

A

JOINING
condensation polymerisation
SEPERATING
hydrolysis

51
Q

Explain the primary structure of a protein

A

Chain of amino acids in a specific sequence joined by peptide bonds

52
Q

Function and example of phospholipids

A

Structural component of plasma membrane

e.g phospholipids

53
Q

Function and example of a triglyceride

A

Function: Energy storage

e.g fats and oils

54
Q

Function of fatty acids and examples

A

Energy storage and sub-unit of other lipids

e.g stearin acid, Oleic acids

55
Q

What type of molecule is water

A

Polar

56
Q

What is the type of bonding between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen

57
Q

Define hydrophobic substances

A

Substances that are insoluble and do not dissolve in water. they are known as non-polar substances. They can’t form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

58
Q

Define hydrophilic substances

A

Molecules that are readily dissolved in water are polar molecules. They can dissolve due to their developments I. hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules.

59
Q

How are monomers joined?

A

Condensation reactions

60
Q

What is lost or gained in a condensation reaction

A

A water molecule is lost

61
Q

What occurs in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Bonds between monomers are broken

62
Q

What is lost or gained in a hydrolysis reaction

A

A water molecule is added

63
Q

Define Biomacromolecules

A

Large molecules that play a role in the structure and function of cells.

64
Q

Define polymer

A

Small molecules in which are repetitively linked together to create long strands known as polymers.

65
Q

Define a monomer

A

Repeating units that serve as the building blocks and sub-units of polymers

66
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

67
Q

Are monosaccharides soluble in water?

A

Yes

68
Q

What type of sugar is glucose?

A

Monosacharide

Hexose

69
Q

What is glucose used to make?

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin

70
Q

What type of sugars are ribose/deoxy

A

pentose

71
Q

Bond that holds two monosaccahrides together

A

Glycosidic bond

72
Q

What are the two types of polysaccracrides

A

Storage-Starch, glycogen (long unbrachned chain)

Structural- cellulose, chitin (branched polymers)

73
Q

What is the role of starch?

A

Storage molecule in plants

74
Q

Role of glycogen

A

Storage molecule in animals

75
Q

Role of chitin

A

Can be found in the exskelton of some insects

76
Q

What are the two types of glucose

A

alpha

beta

77
Q

What is sucrose comprised of?

A

Glucose

Fructose

78
Q

What is maltose comprised of

A

Glucose

Glucose

79
Q

What is lactose comprised of

A

Glucose

Galactose

80
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A
  • insoluble
  • non-polar
  • hypdrophobic
81
Q

What are phospholipids comprised of?

A

Two fatty acid tails with a glycerol head containing phosphate

82
Q

Is a phospholipid hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Both one at either end

83
Q

What is the role of waxes

A
  • Solids at room temp

- Waterproof coating on leaves, skin, hair, feathes

84
Q

What are fats and oils?

A

Triglycerides

85
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

Three fatty aci tails attached to one glycerol molecule

86
Q

What compounds are steriods based off?

A

Chloesterol

87
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids

A

Store information that determines how organisms develop and function.

88
Q

What are the monomers of nuclei acids

A

nucleotides

89
Q

What are the elements in nucleic acids

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phospohrous
90
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of

A

Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group

91
Q

What is the DNA code

A

universal

92
Q

What sugar does DNA have?

A

deoxyribose

93
Q

What are the role of nucleic acids

A

Carry instructions for making proteins by determining the amino acid sequence of the protein produced at the ribosome.

94
Q

DNA strands are…..

A

Antiparralelele

95
Q

What are bases held together by

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

96
Q

What is one nucloetide strand known as

A

a template strand

97
Q

Define a gene

A

a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

98
Q

How is RNA synthesised

A

From a DNA template in a process known as transcription

99
Q

What are the three forms of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

100
Q

What is the role of mRNA

A

Carries the DNA code to the rribosome for the purpose of making the desired protein

101
Q

What is the role of tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

102
Q

What is the role of rRNA

A

Structural component of ribosomes

103
Q

What joins when two nucleotides are joined together

A

-Phosphate group of one covalently bonds to the deoxyribose sugar of the next

104
Q

What elements make up proteins

A 
C
H
O
N
S
105
Q

What are the monomer of polypeptides known as?

A

Amino acids

106
Q

What are the three components that make up an amino acid?

A
  • Amino group
  • Carboxly group
  • R group
107
Q

What is the R group in amino acids resposinbile for?

A

Variation in the proteins and the final shape of them

Physical and chemical properties of the R group determines the characteristics of the amino acid

108
Q

Where are hydrophilic amino acids and hydrophobi acids located

A

philic-surface

phobic-interior

109
Q

What does condensation polymersation form?

A

Peptide bonds between amino group

110
Q

what is the peptide bond?

A

CO-NH

111
Q

What do the secondary structure of proteins consist of

A

Localised coiling and foling of segments in a polypeptide chain

112
Q

How do the coils and folds hold between segments of the polypeptide chain in the secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

113
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

3-D structure also known as the confirmation shape due to coiling and foldinng

114
Q

what types of bonding occur in the tertiary structure?

A
  • ionic
  • hydrogen
  • disulfide
  • hydrophobic interactions

Biol (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions