Hominin Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are some ways of distinguishing mammals

A

mammary glands, hair, three middle ear bonees, teeth

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2
Q

What are some features of a primate

A

Large brain for body size
five fingers with opposable thumb
flat nails
forward facing eyes

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3
Q

What are the living primate groups

A

Posimians
New world monkeys
old world monkeys
apes

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4
Q

Hominoids

A

Include all apes, both the great apes and the lesser apes

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5
Q

Hominids

A

Include all great apes

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6
Q

Hominins

A

Coollective term for all human species

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7
Q

Which is the most advanced and least advanced group of today?

A

Least-Prosimians

Most-hominins humans

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8
Q

What is the kinggdoms for humans

A

animalia

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9
Q

Class for humans

A

Mammalia

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10
Q

Order for humans

A

Primates

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11
Q

Genus for humans

A

Homo

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12
Q

Species for humans

A

H.sapiens

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13
Q

Unique features that humans have

A
  • Communciate complex behavioural patterns
  • S-shaped spine for movement and balance
  • Spine is attached at the base of the skull
  • Arched feet for striding
  • Less pronounced neck muscles
  • Ability to walk in a straight line
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14
Q

How have skulls evolved

A
  • Larger more rounder shape
  • more veritcal forehead
  • less protruding jaw
  • chin
  • reduced size in teeth
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15
Q

Why are primate fossils so rare

A

They usually live in climates in which are not ideal for fossilaisation as they live in tropical climates
-Which decay of dead organisms is common

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16
Q

What are the only living members of the primate group

A

Humans

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17
Q

Features of hominin evolution

A

bipedal consequences

  • fully bipedal
  • reduced forehead
  • reduced cainines
  • less body hair
18
Q

three geological periods of time

A

archean
proterozoic
phanerozoic

19
Q

what is the phanerozoic eon divded into

A

palaeozoic
mesozioc
cenozoic

20
Q

Why are humans in the phylum group?

A

because they have a backbone

21
Q

What characteristics do mammals have?

A

mammary glands
teeth : incisors, canines, molars
hair or fur on surface
three bones in the ear

22
Q

what is the order humans belong to

A

primates

23
Q

what are the characteristics of primates

A
five digits and opposable thumb
nails instead of claws
eyes facing forward
large head
long time pregnant
24
Q

how is known that we are derived from chimps

A

examining amino acid sequences for particular proteins

6million years ago

25
Q

Where are the oldest hominin fossils?

A

Africa

26
Q

What are the different types of homin fossils

A

Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Paranthropus
homo (only homo genus found outside of Africa )

27
Q

What are the main features on fossil evidence that shows that the animal walked upright

A

Hole for spinal cord is directly at the bottom

  • shinbone angle to femur
  • pelvis is shorter and wider
  • fossilised footprints
28
Q

Evolution to Homo sapiens

A

Enlargement of cranial and brain size
Flattening of the face less prominence of the jaw
Smaller teeth
Became bipedal

29
Q

What outcome is there that hominins became bipedal

A

Spent more time on the ground hence exposed to different selective pressures than there

30
Q

How to differentiate between Australopithecus and Paranthropus

A
a- smaller brain size
no Sagittal crest in forehead
large molars
p-slightly larger brain size
sigittal crest in forehead
HUGE molars
31
Q

why is a reason humans are descendants from Aus

A

jaw like structure

32
Q

What do fossils show about the way Australopithecus and Paranthropus lived?

A
  • Males were bigger than females; could be due to polyamorous coupling
  • Size of the muscles for chewing were very large in Paranthropus this is due to haves a hard fibrous plant matter diet, the Australopithecus msucles were smaller indicating less fibrours diet
  • Ribcage and pelvic wideness oh Australopithecus are rather wide due to needing a large gastrointestinal tract.
33
Q

Distinguishing features of homo as a genus are

A
  • Significantly higher cranial capacity
  • Smaller teeth
  • Shortening of the face
34
Q

Which were the first species to use primitive stone tools

A

homo habilis and homorudolfenis

35
Q

Explain homo erectus

A
Oldest found outside of Africa
Migrated outside of Africa
crafted more elabroate stone tools
hunted systematically
controlled the use of fire
36
Q

H.neanderthalenis

A

Found worldwide

  • crafed fine stone tools
  • made clothing
37
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Evolved 130,000 years ago in Africa

  • made a wide variety of stone tools
  • buried their dead
38
Q

Why can it be believed that homo sapiens orignated from Afirca

A
  • transitional ancestral fossils

- mtDNA in modern African population show the greatest variablity

39
Q

Define Cultral Evolution

A

The persistent change across a lengthy timespan within a human species

40
Q

How is cultural evolution transmitted

A

Comminicatioin
Written and Spoken language
Via upbringing in home environment

41
Q

Define technological evolution

A

Refers to the persistent change in the use of technology

42
Q

How does technological evolution aid cultural

A

Enhance the rate of globalisation and the transmission of messages worldwide.