Genetic Engineeing Flashcards
Process of a gene being altered
- isolation of the gene interest
- isolation of genes into a carrier
- transfer the vector to the organism that need to modified
- Transformation of cells in the organism
How can you obtain a cells DNA
The cells have to be lysed with chemicals, then the nucleus will be lysed and the DNA will be released
Where are restriction enzymes naturally found
In bacterial cells
Define Restriction enzyme
Found naturally in bacteria, they are used to cut DNA at a specific known recognition site.
What types of ends can restriciton enzymes produce?
Sticky
Blunt
Define Recognition Site:
A sequence of nucleotides that form a specific site for a restriction enzyme to cut DNA.
Define Sticky Ends
A piece of DNA with that has been cut by restriction enzymes. The fragment will consist of a section of single stranded nucleotides, these fragments can form hydrogen bonds with a complementary strand.
Define Blunt Ends
A double stranded piece of DNA that has been cut by a restriction enzyme.
What is the calculation for linear DNA?
n cuts = n+1
What is the calculation for circular DNA?
n cuts
What is the role of DNA ligase
Catlayses the formation of covalent bonfd between sugar phosphate backbones of DNA fragments.
Define Recombinant DNA
A DNA molecule made outside of the cell with segments from different organisms
What is the key to recombinant DNA
The same restriction enzymes are used to cut open plasmids as to cut the desired DNA fragment this ensures there are complementary sticky ends.
Explain the process of making plasmid recmobinant
- Isolate the gene and cut with a restriction enzyme
- Then cut the plasmid with the same restriction enzyme as the gene was cut, to ensure they are complementary
- Mix together with ligase
What do bactiera need to be in order to take up the plasmid?
Competent