Cell Reproduction

Question 1

How do cells reproduce?

Answer 1

Dividing

Question 2

What are gametes?

Answer 2

Sex cells

sperm and ova

Question 3

What does an ova and a sperm fuse toegether to create in sex?

Answer 3

Zygote

Question 4

How do fungi and bacteria reproduce?

Answer 4

Asexually

Question 5

Define the cell cycle

Answer 5

The period between the formation of a new cell and when it divides into daughter cells

Question 6

Run through the cell cycle

Answer 6

G1
SYNTHESIS
G2
MIITOSIS
CYTOKENSIS

Question 7

Where does DNA replication occur?

Answer 7

in the synthesis stage

Question 8

What makes up the largest part of the cell cycle?

Answer 8

Interphase

Question 9

Define Mitosis

Answer 9

A type of cell division in which two identical daughter cells are prodcued.

Question 10

What are somatic cells also known as?

Answer 10

Diploid

Question 11

What are the three functions of mitosis?

Answer 11

Growth
Repair
Asexual Reproduction

Question 12

Summarise the process of mitosis

Answer 12

Chromosomes duplicate
Sister chromatids separate
Nucleus divides

Question 13

What are the autosomes?

Answer 13

Chromosomes1-22

Question 14

Male chromosmes

Answer 14

XY

Question 15

Female Chromosomes

Answer 15

XX

Question 16

What is chromatin?

Answer 16

The subtance that makes up chromastids

Question 17

What does mitosis produce?

Answer 17

Two daughter diploid cells

Question 18

What does meiosis produce?

Answer 18

4 daughter haploid cells

Question 19

Explain interphase for mitosis

Answer 19

• Cell is performing whatever job it is designed to do

- DNA replicates and begin to condense at the end of interphase

Question 20

What can be seen for the interphase stage on mitosis

Answer 20

Individuals cannot see te chromosomes yet they can see the chromatin blob

Question 21

What happens in mitosis in prophase I

Answer 21

Chromosomes begin to shorten and condense and therefore become much easier to see
-Nuclear mmembrane breaks down thus allowing the chromsomes to move around the cell

Question 22

What is formed during prophase?

Answer 22

A spindle forms which is controlled by the centrioles.

Question 23

Explain what happens at metaphase I in mitosis

Answer 23

Spindle fibres latch onto the chromosomes and line along the eqautor.
The spindle fibres attach the to the centro meters

Question 24

Explain what is happening in anaphase 1 in mitosis

Answer 24

Spindle fibres contract which spikes the chromosmes into seperate chromatids
the derogate chromastids are then drawer to either end of the cell

Question 25

Explain what's happening at telophase I in mitosiss

Answer 25

Two goes of chromosomes will unravel and become blobs of chromatin. Nuclear membrane reforms and is create around the two groups

Question 26

Define Meiosis

Answer 26

The division of diploid parent cells to produce four, non-identical haploid cells

Question 27

What does meiosis produce?

Answer 27

Gametes

Question 28

What type of division is meiosis

Answer 28

Reduction

Question 29

diploid number

Answer 29

2n

Question 30

haploid number

Answer 30

n

Question 31

Explain a haploid cell

Answer 31

Contains a single set of chromsomes and has half the amount of the genetic materials

Question 32

Explain a diploid cell

Answer 32

Two complete sets of chromosomes

Question 33

What are homogenous pairs.

Answer 33

Chromosomes carrying the same gene

Question 34

When are female gametes produced..

Answer 34

In development from zygote to child

Question 35

When are male gametes produced?

Answer 35

constantly all throughout their life

Question 36

Define crossing over

Answer 36

Involves the breaking and rejoining of chromatids

Question 37

When does crossing over occurr?

Answer 37

Prophase I of meiosis

Question 38

Define tetrad

Answer 38

A molecules in which is produced during crossing over

Question 39

what is a chiasma

Answer 39

the crossing over and intersection point between two chromatids

Question 40

Explain interphase for meiosis

Answer 40

DNA replicates in which each chromosome becomes a pair of chromatids

Question 41

Explain Prophase I for meiosis

Answer 41

Chromosomes condense Nuclear membrane fragment Spindle is formed Homologous pairs pair and up and cross over

Question 42

What is the purpose of crossing over?

Answer 42

Genetic Variation

Question 43

Explain what happens in metaphase I? for meiosis

Answer 43

Chromosomes line up. along the equator in homologous pairs

Question 44

Anaphase I meiosis

Answer 44

homologous chromosomes seperate and one piece of each pair will move to either end of the cell

Question 45

Telophase I for meiosis

Answer 45

Nuclear membrane begins to form

Question 46

prophase II for meiosis

Answer 46

Nuclear membrane breaks down and spindles reform

Question 47

Metaphase II for meiosis

Answer 47

Paired chromatids line the equator attached by a spindle to their centromere

Question 48

Anaphase II

Answer 48

chromatids move to opposite ends of the poles due to spindles contracting

Question 49

A telophase II for meiosis

Answer 49

Nuclear membrane reforms

Question 50

Define reproduction

Answer 50

Production of futher members of the same species via asexual or sexual reproduction

Question 51

Examples of axsexual reproduction

Answer 51

- Binary fission | - Mitosis

Question 52

What is binary fission

Answer 52

-How prokaryotes replicate

Question 53

explain binary fission

Answer 53

Single chromosome replicates , DNA polymerase replicates it.

Question 54

What occurs in G1 phase>?

Answer 54

Cells double in size

Question 55

What occurs in S phase

Answer 55

Dna and associated proteins replicate

Question 56

What occurs in G2 phase?

Answer 56

Chromosomes begin to condense.

Question 57

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 57

Follows telophase, daughter cells grow to reach regular size

Question 58

Explain how crossing over leads to genetic variation (Recombnation)

Answer 58

In prophase 1 hoomologous chromosomes pair, make contact and can become intertwined. Genetic material can be swapped for the corresponding material This can lead to new combinations of genetic material on a chromosome

Question 59

Define chiasma

Answer 59

The point of crossing over in prophase.

Question 60

Explain how independent assortment can lead to variiation

Answer 60

Pairs of homologous chromosomes assort independently at metaphase 1 and this results in variation.