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Biol > Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Cell Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells reproduce?

A

Dividing

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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells

sperm and ova

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3
Q

What does an ova and a sperm fuse toegether to create in sex?

A

Zygote

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4
Q

How do fungi and bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually

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5
Q

Define the cell cycle

A

The period between the formation of a new cell and when it divides into daughter cells

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6
Q

Run through the cell cycle

A 
G1
SYNTHESIS
G2
MIITOSIS
CYTOKENSIS
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7
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

in the synthesis stage

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8
Q

What makes up the largest part of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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9
Q

Define Mitosis

A

A type of cell division in which two identical daughter cells are prodcued.

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10
Q

What are somatic cells also known as?

A

Diploid

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11
Q

What are the three functions of mitosis?

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual Reproduction

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12
Q

Summarise the process of mitosis

A

Chromosomes duplicate
Sister chromatids separate
Nucleus divides

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13
Q

What are the autosomes?

A

Chromosomes1-22

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14
Q

Male chromosmes

A

XY

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15
Q

Female Chromosomes

A

XX

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16
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The subtance that makes up chromastids

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17
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two daughter diploid cells

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18
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 daughter haploid cells

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19
Q

Explain interphase for mitosis

A
  • Cell is performing whatever job it is designed to do

- DNA replicates and begin to condense at the end of interphase

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20
Q

What can be seen for the interphase stage on mitosis

A

Individuals cannot see te chromosomes yet they can see the chromatin blob

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21
Q

What happens in mitosis in prophase I

A

Chromosomes begin to shorten and condense and therefore become much easier to see
-Nuclear mmembrane breaks down thus allowing the chromsomes to move around the cell

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22
Q

What is formed during prophase?

A

A spindle forms which is controlled by the centrioles.

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23
Q

Explain what happens at metaphase I in mitosis

A

Spindle fibres latch onto the chromosomes and line along the eqautor.
The spindle fibres attach the to the centro meters

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24
Q

Explain what is happening in anaphase 1 in mitosis

A

Spindle fibres contract which spikes the chromosmes into seperate chromatids
the derogate chromastids are then drawer to either end of the cell

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25
Q

Explain what’s happening at telophase I in mitosiss

A

Two goes of chromosomes will unravel and become blobs of chromatin.
Nuclear membrane reforms and is create around the two groups

26
Q

Define Meiosis

A

The division of diploid parent cells to produce four, non-identical haploid cells

27
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes

28
Q

What type of division is meiosis

A

Reduction

29
Q

diploid number

A

2n

30
Q

haploid number

A

n

31
Q

Explain a haploid cell

A

Contains a single set of chromsomes and has half the amount of the genetic materials

32
Q

Explain a diploid cell

A

Two complete sets of chromosomes

33
Q

What are homogenous pairs.

A

Chromosomes carrying the same gene

34
Q

When are female gametes produced..

A

In development from zygote to child

35
Q

When are male gametes produced?

A

constantly all throughout their life

36
Q

Define crossing over

A

Involves the breaking and rejoining of chromatids

37
Q

When does crossing over occurr?

A

Prophase I of meiosis

38
Q

Define tetrad

A

A molecules in which is produced during crossing over

39
Q

what is a chiasma

A

the crossing over and intersection point between two chromatids

40
Q

Explain interphase for meiosis

A

DNA replicates in which each chromosome becomes a pair of chromatids

41
Q

Explain Prophase I for meiosis

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane fragment
Spindle is formed
Homologous pairs pair and up and cross over

42
Q

What is the purpose of crossing over?

A

Genetic Variation

43
Q

Explain what happens in metaphase I? for meiosis

A

Chromosomes line up. along the equator in homologous pairs

44
Q

Anaphase I meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes seperate and one piece of each pair will move to either end of the cell

45
Q

Telophase I for meiosis

A

Nuclear membrane begins to form

46
Q

prophase II for meiosis

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down and spindles reform

47
Q

Metaphase II for meiosis

A

Paired chromatids line the equator attached by a spindle to their centromere

48
Q

Anaphase II

A

chromatids move to opposite ends of the poles due to spindles contracting

49
Q

A telophase II for meiosis

A

Nuclear membrane reforms

50
Q

Define reproduction

A

Production of futher members of the same species via asexual or sexual reproduction

51
Q

Examples of axsexual reproduction

A
  • Binary fission

- Mitosis

52
Q

What is binary fission

A

-How prokaryotes replicate

53
Q

explain binary fission

A

Single chromosome replicates , DNA polymerase replicates it.

54
Q

What occurs in G1 phase>?

A

Cells double in size

55
Q

What occurs in S phase

A

Dna and associated proteins replicate

56
Q

What occurs in G2 phase?

A

Chromosomes begin to condense.

57
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Follows telophase, daughter cells grow to reach regular size

58
Q

Explain how crossing over leads to genetic variation (Recombnation)

A

In prophase 1 hoomologous chromosomes pair, make contact and can become intertwined.
Genetic material can be swapped for the corresponding material
This can lead to new combinations of genetic material on a chromosome

59
Q

Define chiasma

A

The point of crossing over in prophase.

60
Q

Explain how independent assortment can lead to variiation

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes assort independently at metaphase 1 and this results in variation.

Biol (22 decks)

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