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Biol > Hormones/Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Hormones/Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

What two hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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2
Q

What is the role of insulin and glucagon

A

Control glucose in the blood

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3
Q

What does insulin control

A

Insulin is produced when blood glucose levels needs decreasing

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4
Q

What does glucagon control

A

Glucagon acts if there is too little glucose in the body

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5
Q

Where is insulin produced??

A

Beta cells of the pancreas

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6
Q

Where is glucagon produced??

A

Alpha cells of the pancreas

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7
Q

Explain negative feedback if there is an increase in blood glucose

A

Stimulus- Increase in blood glucose
Receptor-Chemorecptor
Control Centre-Pancreas
Effector- Pacreatic beta cells will release insulin
Response-Liver and muscle cells uptake glucose and store as glycogen
Feedback- Blood sugar levels decrease

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8
Q

Explain negative feedback in regards to, too little glucose in the blood

A

Stimulus- decrease in blood glucose
Receptor-Chemorecptor
Control Centre-Pancreas
Effector- Pacreatic alpha cells will release glucagon
Response-Liver and muscle cells will break down glycogen and release as glucose
Feedback- Blood sugar levels increase

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9
Q

Explain how insulin promotes the uptake of glucose

A

Changes the permeablity of the cell membrane to glucose

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10
Q

Why do cells need to communicate

A

Control and regulation of systems

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11
Q

What are signalling molecules also known as??

A

Ligands

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12
Q

What are receptors and hormones

A

Specific

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13
Q

What are the three types of signals??

A

Autocrine signals
Paracrine Signals
Endocrine Signals

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14
Q

Define Autocrine Signals

A

A cell secretes a hormone into extracellular fluid and binds to its own receptors

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15
Q

Define Paracrine Signals

A

Signals being released by cells into extracellualr medium acts on nearby target cells, so this type of signal is a local signal.

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16
Q

Define Endocrine Signals

A

Signals that are produced in the endocrine gland are secreted in the blood stream, therefore distributed throughout the whole body, but only stimulate those with specific receptors

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17
Q

Defintion for Hormone

A

An organic molecule produced in a cell, either acting within the cell or diffusing or being transported to other cell. Hormones travel via extracellular fluid and act on specific target cells.

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18
Q

Where do hormones usually travel

A

In the blood stream of tissue fluid

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19
Q

What are the three different classification of hormones?

A
  • Steroid
  • Protein/peptide
  • Amino acid derivative
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20
Q

Explain steroid hormones

A
  • Tend to have a long life span
  • Created on demand from precursors in the cell
  • Made from chloesterol therefore lipophilic and hydrophobic
  • Steroids pass through the cell membrane via simple diffusion
  • Need a carrier protein when travelling through blood
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21
Q

Example of a steroid hormone

A

testoesterone

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22
Q

Explain Protein/Peptide Hormones

A
  • Made in advance and stored in cells secretory vesciles
  • Cannot pass through the membrane so they leave via exocytosis
  • Short life span
  • They are hydrophilic and can easily travel through the blood stream but need assistance when passing through the membrane
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23
Q

example of protein/peptide hormones

A

Adrenaline

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24
Q

Explain Amino Acid Dervative Hormones

A
  • Small molcules that have the same structure as an amino acid
  • Made in advance and stored in the secretory vescilces, leave via exocytosis.
  • Short Life span
  • Water soluble so they can travel through the blood stream easily but need assitance when passing through the cell membrane
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25
Q

Are hormones slow or fast

A

Slow

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26
Q

Do they work for a long period or time or short?

A

Generally long

27
Q

Where are steriod receptors in regards to the cell?

A

Lipid based hormones are able to pass through the membrane easily and therefore their receptor is located on the inside of the cell in the cytosol.

28
Q

Where are the peptide and amino hormones located?

A
  • Situated on the outside of the cell.
  • This is due to not being able to pass through the membrane
  • The receptors then activate a protein on the inside of the membrane
29
Q

Define Signal Transdution

A

Refers to the cascade of events originating outside the cell in leading to a specific cellular response. This is the process in which a cell converts one kind of kind into another by a series of relay molecules.

30
Q

Explain the steps in signal transduction

A
  • Signal is recieved
  • Signal is amplified
  • Transduction
  • Response
  • Feedback (possible)
31
Q

What is the first messenger

A

The extracellular molecule that binds to the receptor is he first messenger.

32
Q

What is the second messenger?

A

Molecules that relay signals received at the receptors on the cell surface.

33
Q

What are some potential responses to the signal transduction pathways?

A

May lead to activation of genetic material (DNA)

-This can lead to the production of proteins

34
Q

Explain the signal transduction of steroids

A
  • Lipid soluble hormone passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor in the cytosol
  • Then forms a hormone-receptor complex
  • Then the complex enters the nucleus
  • Then the complex will act on genes
35
Q

Discuss hormone longevity

A

Hormones do not last forever
Once they have delivered their message they are degraded by enzymes
Excreted the body via kidneys or faeces

36
Q

Explain the steps o the negative feedback model if there is an increase in temperature

A 
Stimulus-Increase in temperature
Receptor-Thermoreceptor
Control Center- CNS
Effector- Sweat glands and blood vessels
Response- Sweating and blood vessels dilate
Feedback- Decrease in body temperature
37
Q

Explain extracellular fluid

A

Fluid on the outside of the cell

e.g tissue fluid and plasma

38
Q

Explain intracellular fluid

A

Located on the inside of cells

e.g cytosol

39
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Processes which are responsible for maintaining a constant internal environment.

40
Q

What are some aspects of internal environment that need to be kept stable?

A
  • Temp
  • pH
  • ion concentration and nutrient levels
41
Q

What is the external environment for unicellular organisms?

A

Water or air

42
Q

What are some ways that unicellular organisms maintain their own internal environment

A
  • Regulate the composition of the cytosol by the cell membrane
  • Use flagella to move away from undesired stimuli
43
Q

What are the two main systems involved in coordiniation and regulation of internal environments of multi cellular organisms

A

Nervous System

Hormonal

44
Q

Steps in stimulus response model

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Control Centre
  4. Effector
  5. Response
45
Q

Explain the two steps in negative feedback

A
  • Stimulus is dectected and a response is produced

- The response will either oppose the stimulus or bring back the original stimulus to normal levels

46
Q

What organisms are chemical messengers found in?

A

Plants and Animals

47
Q

What are the main groups of hormones?

A

Steroids
Protein/peptide
Amino acid derivatives

48
Q

Explain why hormones act on specific cells?

A

They only act on cells that have a specific cell receptor site that is only found within the target cell. IF the cell does not have that specific receptor site then it will not bind to it. `

49
Q

Where are protein based hormones receptors located?

A

Outside of the cell

50
Q

Where are lipid based hormones receptors located?

A

Within the cytoplasmic

51
Q

Briefly explain cell junctions

A

Allow molecules to readily pass through adjacent cells wwithout crossing cell membranes.
-Occurs in both plant and animal cells

52
Q

What are the two broad groups that hormones are placed in?

A
  • Water soluble

- Lipid Soluble

53
Q

What are the three steps in cell signalling?

A
  1. Signal reception
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Cell’s Response
54
Q

What does each step in signal transduction lead to the molecule becoming?

A

Amplified

55
Q

Explain the process of signal transduction when a g protein-linked receptor is involved

A
  • A protein or peptide hormone will activate a membrane receptor
  • May activate G protein
  • G protein causes a cascade and therefore signal transduction
  • Leading to cells response
56
Q

Explain signal transduction in regards to steroid hormone receptors

A
  1. Lipid soluble hormone passes through the cell membrane
  2. Binds to a receptor protein found inside of the cells
  3. Hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus
  4. Binds to s specific regulator site for the targeted gene
  5. Simtulating the gene to produce mRNA
  6. Then read by ribosomes to produce a specific protein

(essentally activates gene expression)

57
Q

Explain the role of auxins in plant cells

A

Cause growth and elongation of plant cells

58
Q

What do auxins cause

A

Positive phototropism (plant grows in the direction of the light)

59
Q

Where are auxins most commonly found in the plant?

A

In the dark side as they move away from the light

hence the elongate more due to the unevenness in the shoot.

60
Q

Explain cytokinins

A

Cause growth and divison of plant cells

61
Q

explain ethlyene

A

Promotes ripening of fruit

62
Q

abscisic acid

A

prohibits plant growth and prevents excess loss of water

63
Q

gibberellins

A

promotes growth and development of plant cells

64
Q

What are pheromones

A

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behaviour or physiology of others of its species.

Biol (22 decks)

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