TPO50

Question 1

oversee

Answer 1

🔹supervise (a person or their work), especially in an official capacity.
🔸the Home Secretary oversees the police service

Question 2

in-depth

Answer 2

🔹covering many or all important points of a subject; comprehensive; through
🔸an in-depth study

Question 3

culvert

Answer 3

🔹a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railway; channel
آبریز

Question 4

utmost

Answer 4

🔹most extreme; greatest.

🔸a matter of the utmost importance

Question 5

blatant

Answer 5

🔹something bad that is blatant is very clear and easy to see, but the person responsible for it does not seem embarrassed or ashamed
🔸blatant discrimination

Question 6

surge

Answer 6

🔹a sudden powerful forward or upward movement, especially by a crowd or by a natural force such as the tide.
🔸flooding caused by tidal surges

🔹a sudden large increase, typically a temporary one; escalation; boost
🔸the firm predicted a 20% surge in sales

🔹a major deployment of military forces to reinforce those already in a particular area.

🔹a powerful rush of an emotion or feeling.
🔸Sophie felt a surge of anger

Question 7

precipitate

Answer 7

🔹cause (an event or situation, typically one that is undesirable) to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely; bring about

🔹cause to move suddenly and with force.
🔸suddenly the ladder broke, precipitating them down into a heap

🔹send someone or something suddenly into a particular state or condition.
🔸they were precipitated into a conflict for which they were quite unprepared

🔹(CHEMISTRY) cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution.
🔸cell proteins were then precipitated and washed in 10% trichloroacetic acid

🔹cause (drops of moisture or particles of dust) to be deposited from the atmosphere or from a vapour or suspension.
🔸excess moisture is precipitated as rain, fog, mist, or dew

Question 8

ballot

Answer 8

🔹a system of voting secretly and in writing on a particular issue.
🔸a strike ballot

🔹the total number of votes cast in a ballot.
noun: the ballot
🔸he won 54 per cent of the ballot

🔹the piece of paper used to record a person’s vote.
🔸there were fifty-three abstentions and twenty-eight spoilt ballots

🔹a lottery held to decide the allocation of tickets, shares, or other things among a number of applicants.
🔸a ballot decides which investors will be successful in buying the stock

🔹(of an organization) ask (members) to vote secretly on an issue.
🔸the union is preparing to ballot its members on industrial action

🔹cast one’s vote on an issue.
🔸ambulance crews balloted unanimously to reject the deal

Question 9

flatter

Answer 9

🔹lavish praise and compliments on (someone), often insincerely and with the aim of furthering one’s own interests; compliment
چاپلوسی
🔸she was flattering him in order to avoid doing what he wanted

🔹cause (someone) to feel honoured and pleased; honor; gratify
🔸I was very flattered to be given the commission

🔹choose to believe something favourable about oneself, typically when this belief is unfounded.
🔸‘Don’t flatter yourself! I wasn’t doing it for your benefit!’

🔹give an unrealistically favourable impression of.
🔸the final scoreline flattered England

🔹(of a colour or a style of clothing) cause (someone) to appear to the best advantage.
🔸the fuchsia shade flattered her pale skin

Question 10

jammed

Answer 10

🔹squeeze or pack tightly into a specified space.
🔸four of us were jammed in one compartment

🔹push (something) roughly and forcibly into position or a space.
🔸he jammed his hat on

🔹crowd on to (a road or area) so as to block it.
🔸the streets were jammed with tourist coaches

🔹cause (telephone lines) to be continuously engaged with a large number of calls.
🔸listeners jammed a radio station’s switchboard with calls

🔹become or make unable to move or work due to a part seizing up or becoming stuck.
🔸the photocopier jammed

🔸my schedule is so jammed

Question 11

whizz

Answer 11

🔹a whistling or buzzing sound made by something moving fast through the air.

🔹(INFORMAL) a fast movement or brief tour.
🔸a quick whizz around the research-and-development facility

🔹(INFORMAL) a person who is extremely clever at something.
🔸a computer whizz

🔹an act of urinating.

Question 12

emulate

Answer 12

🔹match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically by imitation; imitate
🔸most rulers wished to emulate Alexander the Great
🔸hers is not a hairstyle I wish to emulate

Question 13

by-product

Answer 13

🔹an incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture or synthesis of something else; side effect
محصول جانبی
🔸zinc is a by-product of the glazing process

Question 14

expel

Answer 14

🔹to officially force someone to leave a school or organization
🔸Two girls were expelled from school for taking drugs.

🔹to force a foreigner to leave a country, especially because they have broken the law or for political reasons
🔸Foreign priests were expelled from the country.

🔹to force air, water, or gas etc out of your body or out of a container

Question 15

build up

Answer 15

🔹INCREASE GRADUALLY if something builds up somewhere, or if you build it up, it gradually becomes bigger or greater
🔸the rate at which the pension builds up

🔹make something develop or form
🔸He’s built up the family firm into a multinational company.

🔹if a feeling builds up, or if you build it up, it increases gradually over a period of time
🔸If you don’t express your feelings, frustration and anger can build up.

🔹to make someone well and strong again, especially after an illness
🔸Taking exercise will build up your strength.

🔹to praise someone or something so that other people think they are really good, or so that they have more confidence
🔸The coach has been building his men up before the match.

Question 16

stellar

Answer 16

🔹relating to a star or stars.

🔸stellar structure and evolution

Question 17

bulge

Answer 17

🔹a rounded swelling which distorts an otherwise flat surface.
تحدب- ورم- برآمدگی
🔸the telltale bulge of a concealed weapon

Question 18

cosmos

Answer 18

🔹the universe seen as a well-ordered whole.
کیهان
🔸he sat staring deep into the void, reminding himself of man’s place in the cosmos

🔹a system of thought.
plural noun: cosmoses
🔸the new gender-free intellectual cosmos

Question 19

incorporate

Answer 19

🔹take in or contain (something) as part of a whole; include.
🔸he has incorporated in his proposals a number of measures

🔹combine (ingredients) into one substance.
🔸add the cheeses and butter and process briefly to incorporate them

🔹constitute (a company, city, or other organization) as a legal corporation.
🔸limited liability companies could only be incorporated under the 1930 Act

Question 20

expend

Answer 20

🔹spend or use up (a resource such as money or energy).

🔸the energy expended in sport could be directed into other areas

Question 21

dim

Answer 21

🔹(of a light, colour, or illuminated object) not shining brightly or clearly; faint
🔸the dim glow of the fire

🔹(of an object or shape) made difficult to see by darkness, shade, or distance.
🔸a dim figure in the dark kitchen

🔹(of a room or other space) made difficult to see in by darkness.
🔸long dim corridors

🔹(of the eyes) unable to see clearly.
🔸his eyes became dim

🔹(of a sound) indistinct or muffled.
🔸the dim drone of their voices

🔹not clearly recalled or formulated in the mind; vague
🔸dim memories

🔹(of a situation) not giving cause for hope or optimism.
🔸their prospects for the future looked fairly dim

Question 22

ripple

Answer 22

🔹a small wave or series of waves on the surface of water, especially as caused by a slight breeze or an object dropping into it.
🔸he dived into the pool leaving barely a ripple

🔹a thing resembling a ripple or ripples in appearance or movement.
🔸the sand undulated and was ridged with ripples

🔹a gentle rising and falling sound that spreads through a group of people.
🔸a ripple of laughter ran around the room

🔹a particular feeling or effect that spreads through someone or something.
🔸his words set off a ripple of excitement within her

Question 23

envelope

Answer 23

🔹a covering or containing structure or layer.

🔸the external envelope of the swimming pool

Question 24

gaseous

Answer 24

🔹relating to or having the characteristics of a gas.
گازی
🔸gaseous emissions from motor vehicles

Question 25

exert

Answer 25

🔹to use your power, influence etc in order to make something happen
🔸They exerted considerable influence within the school.

collocation:
🔸exert pressure
Did Democratic leaders exert pressure on their colleagues to vote for the new law?
🔸exert influence
These large companies exert considerable influence over the government.
🔸exert control
The state should not exert control over the media.
🔸exert power
He exerts considerable power within the family.
🔸exert authority
It is every parent’s responsibility to exert their authority by laying down some firm rules.
🔸exert discipline
Exerting discipline is essential, especially when there are problem students in the class.
🔸exert effort
We exerted every effort to get there on time.
🔸exert your will (=make something happen in the way that you want)
The army exerted its will by arresting anti-government supporters.

🔹make a physical or mental effort; strive; endeavour
🔸he needs to exert himself to try to find an answer

Question 26

municipal

Answer 26

🔹relating to a town or district or its governing body; civic; urban
🔸national and municipal elections

Question 27

slack

Answer 27

🔹not taut or held tightly in position; loose.
🔸a slack rope

🔹(of business or trade) characterized by a lack of work or activity; quiet.
🔸business was rather slack

🔹slow or sluggish.
🔸they were working at a slack pace

🔹having or showing laziness or negligence.
🔸slack accounting procedures

🔹loosen (something, especially a rope).
🔸slacking the outhaul allows you to adjust the sail

🔹decrease or reduce in intensity, quantity, or speed.
🔸the flow of blood slacked off

Question 28

spearhead

Answer 28

🔹lead (an attack or movement).

🔸he’s spearheading a campaign to reduce the number of accidents at work

Question 29

overtake

Answer 29

🔹catch up with and pass while travelling in the same direction.
سبقت گرفتن
🔸the driver overtook a line of vehicles

🔹become greater or more successful than.
🔸Germany rapidly overtook Britain in industrial output

🔹(especially of misfortune) come suddenly or unexpectedly upon.
🔸disaster overtook the town in AD 296

🔹(of a feeling) affect (someone) suddenly and powerfully.
🔸weariness overtook him and he retired to bed

Question 30

lumber

Answer 30

🔹move in a slow, heavy, awkward way.
🔸a truck lumbered past

🔹الوار

🔹(informal) burden (someone) with something unwanted.
🔸the banks do not want to be lumbered with a building that they cannot sell

Question 31

estate

Answer 31

🔹an extensive area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by one person, family, or organization; property; grounds
املاک

🔹all the money and property owned by a particular person, especially at death; assets
🔸in his will, he divided his estate between his wife and daughter

Question 32

replete

Answer 32

🔹filled or well-supplied with something.
🔸sensational popular fiction, replete with adultery and sudden death

🔹very full of or sated by food.
🔸I went out into the sun-drenched streets again, replete and relaxed

Question 33

onset

Answer 33

🔹the beginning of something, especially something unpleasant.
🔸the onset of winter

Question 34

overly

Answer 34

🔹excessively.

🔸she was a jealous and overly possessive woman

Question 35

blast

Answer 35

🔹blow up or break apart (something solid) with explosives.
🔸the school was blasted by an explosion

🔹produce (damage) by means of an explosion.
🔸the force of the collision blasted out a tremendous crater

🔹force or throw (something) in a specified direction by impact or explosion.
🔸the car was blasted thirty feet into the sky

🔹shoot with a gun.
🔸Fowler was blasted with an air rifle

🔹move very quickly and loudly in a specified direction.
🔸four low-flying jets blasted down the glen

🔹produce or cause to produce loud continuous music or other noise.
🔸music blasted out at full volume

🔹kick or strike (a ball) hard.
🔸the striker blasted the free kick into the net

blasted:
🔹withered or blighted; laid waste.
🔸a blasted heath

Question 36

scrap

Answer 36

🔹discard or remove from service (a redundant, old, or inoperative vehicle, vessel, or machine), especially so as to convert it to scrap metal.
🔸a bold decision was taken to scrap existing plant

🔹abolish or cancel (a plan, policy, or law).
🔸he supports the idea that road tax should be scrapped

🔹engage in a minor fight or quarrel.
🔸the older boys started scrapping with me

🔹compete fiercely.
🔸the two drivers scrapped for the lead

Question 37

bar

Answer 37

🔹to officially prevent someone from entering a place or from doing something
bar somebody from (doing) something
🔸They seized his passport and barred him from leaving the country.

🔹 to prevent people from going somewhere by placing something in their way
🔸She ran back, but Francis barred her way.

Question 38

take up

Answer 38

🔹to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it
🔸Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest.

🔹to start a new job or have a new responsibility
🔸 Peter will take up the management of the finance department.

🔹if you take up a suggestion, problem, complaint etc, you start to do something about it
🔸Now the papers have taken up the story.

🔹to fill a particular amount of time or space
🔸The little time I had outside of school was taken up with work.

🔹to accept a suggestion, offer, or idea
🔸Rob took up the invitation to visit.

🔹to move to the exact place where you should be, so that you are ready to do something
🔸The runners are taking up their positions on the starting line.

🔹to continue a story or activity that you or someone else had begun, after a short break
🔸I’ll take up the story where you left off.

🔹to make a piece of clothing shorter

Question 39

abortive

Answer 39

🔹failing to produce the intended result; vein

🔸the rebel officers who led the abortive coup were shot

Question 40

substitution

Answer 40

🔹the action of replacing someone or something with another person or thing; exchange
🔸the substitution of rail services with buses

Question 41

coequal

Answer 41

🔹having the same rank or importance.
🔹a person or thing equal with another.
🔸coequal partners

Question 42

signify

Answer 42

🔹be an indication of.
🔸this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities

🔹be a symbol of; have as meaning.
🔸the church used this image to signify the Holy Trinity

🔹(of a person) indicate or declare (a feeling or intention).
🔸signify your agreement by signing the letter below

🔹be of importance.
🔸the locked door doesn’t necessarily signify

دلالت کردن- حاکی بودن

Question 43

swamp

Answer 43

🔹an area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh.

🔹overwhelm or flood with water.
🔸a huge wave swamped the canoes

🔹overwhelm with an excessive amount of something; inundate; deluge; engulf
🔸the country was swamped with goods from abroad

Question 44

monarchy

Answer 44

🔹a form of government with a monarch at the head; sovereignty

🔹a state that has a monarch.
plural noun: monarchies

🔹the monarch and royal family of a country.
noun: the monarchy
🔸the monarchy is the focus of loyalty and service

سلطنت

Question 45

overcome

Answer 45

🔹succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty).
🔸he overcame his pain for a time

🔹defeat (an opponent).
🔸an experienced England side overcame the determined home team

🔹(of a feeling or emotion) overpower or overwhelm.
🔸she was obviously overcome with excitement

Question 46

constitutional

Answer 46

🔹relating to an established set of principles governing a state.
🔸a constitutional amendment

🔹in accordance with a constitution(قانون اساسی).
🔸a constitutional monarchy

🔹relating to someone’s nature or physical condition.
🔸a constitutional weakness

🔹a walk taken regularly to maintain or restore good health.
🔸she went out for a constitutional

Question 47

anarchy

Answer 47

🔹a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems.
🔸he must ensure public order in a country threatened with anarchy

🔹absence of government and absolute freedom of the individual, regarded as a political ideal.

Question 48

dislocation

Answer 48

🔹disturbance from a proper, original, or usual place or state.
🔸rapid urban and industrial development brought immense social dislocation in its wake

🔹injury or disability caused when the normal position of a joint or other part of the body is disturbed.
🔸congenital dislocation of the hip

Question 49

bloodless

Answer 49

🔹(of a revolution or conflict) without violence or killing.
🔸a bloodless coup

🔹(of the skin) drained of colour.
🔸his bloodless lips

🔹(of a person) cold or ruthless; heartless
🔸a shrewd and bloodless Hollywood mogul

🔹lacking in vitality; feeble; spiritless
🔸a bloodless chorus

Question 50

colony

Answer 50

🔹a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country.
مستعمره
🔸Japanese forces overran the French colony of Indo-China

🔹a group of people living in a colony, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors.
🔸the colony looked forward to fifty or more years of autonomy

🔹a group of people of one nationality or race living in a foreign place.
🔸the British colony in New York

🔹a place where a group of people with the same occupation or interest live together; community
🔸a nudist colony

🔹(biology) a community of animals or plants of one kind living close together or forming a physically connected structure.
🔸a colony of seals

Question 51

conspiracy

Answer 51

🔹a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful; plot
توطئه
🔸a conspiracy to destroy the government

Question 52

revolt

Answer 52

🔹take violent action against an established government or ruler; rebel
شورش
🔸the Iceni revolted and had to be suppressed

🔹refuse to acknowledge someone or something as having authority.
🔸voters may revolt when they realize the cost of the measures

🔹cause to feel disgust.
🔸he was revolted by the stench that greeted him

Question 53

concession

Answer 53

🔹something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement → concede
امتیازات
🔸concession to
a policy of no concessions to terrorists
🔸concession on
his readiness to make concessions on many of the issues raised
🔸make concession
The British were not prepared to make any concessions.

🔹a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right
🔸the ending of tax concessions for home owners

🔹a reduction in the price of tickets, fees etc for certain groups of people, for example old people or children
🔸To qualify for travel concessions you have to be 60.

🔹a change in your behaviour that you make because of a particular situation or idea
🔸He took off his jacket as a concession to the heat.

🔹 the right to have a business in a particular place, especially in a place owned by someone else
🔸The company owns valuable logging and mining concessions.

Question 54

influx

Answer 54

🔹an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things.
🔸a massive influx of tourists

🔹an inflow of water into a river, lake, or the sea.
🔸the lakes are fed by influxes of meltwater

Question 55

resentment

Answer 55

🔹bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly; bitterness; indignation; irritation
رنجش- خشم
🔸his resentment at being demoted

Question 56

hangers-on

Answer 56

🔹a person who associates with another person or a group in a sycophantic manner or for the purpose of gaining some personal advantage.
🔸the shysters, the freebooters, the hangers-on who traditionally take advantage of champions

Question 57

frame

Answer 57

🔹to surround something with something else so that it looks attractive or can be seen clearly
🔸Sarah’s face was framed by her long dark hair.

🔹to put a picture in a structure that will hold it firmly
🔸I’m going to get the picture framed.

🔹to deliberately make someone seem guilty of a crime when they are not guilty, by lying to the police or in a court of law
🔸Needham’s lawyers claimed that he had been framed by the police.

🔹(formal) to carefully plan the way you are going to ask a question, make a statement etc
🔸She wondered how she was going to frame the question.

🔹(formal) to organize and develop a plan, system etc
🔸Newman played a central role in framing the new law.

Question 58

timid

Answer 58

🔹showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened; fearful
ترسو- کمرو
🔸I was too timid to ask for what I wanted

Question 59

vacillate

Answer 59

🔹waver between different opinions or actions; be indecisive; dither; hesitate
🔸I vacillated between teaching and journalism

vacillating:
🔹wavering between different opinions or actions; irresolute.
🔸he was accused of vacillating leadership

Question 60

courtier

Answer 60

🔹a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the king or queen.

Question 61

hunger

Answer 61

🔹have a strong desire or craving for.
🔸he hungered for a sense of self-worth
🔸Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal.

Question 62

abrogate

Answer 62

🔹repeal or do away with (a law, right, or formal agreement); repudiate; revoke; rescind; annul; abolish
🔸a proposal to abrogate temporarily the right to strike

🔹evade (a responsibility or duty).
🔸we believe the board is abrogating its responsibilities to its shareholders

Question 63

decree

Answer 63

🔹an official order that has the force of law; edict; order; command
حکم
🔸the decree guaranteed freedom of assembly

🔹the issuing of a decree.
🔸the king ruled by decree

🔹a judgement or decision of certain law courts, especially in matrimonial cases.

Question 64

proclamation

Answer 64

🔹a public or official announcement dealing with a matter of great importance; decree; edict
🔸the issuing by the monarch of a proclamation dissolving Parliament

🔹the public or official announcement of an important matter.
🔸the government restricted the use of water by proclamation

🔹a clear declaration of something.
🔸bold proclamations about their team’s hopes for the season

بیانیه- ابلاغیه

Question 65

relentlessly

Answer 65

🔹in an unceasingly intense or harsh way.

🔸Joseph worked relentlessly

Question 66

submissive

Answer 66

🔹ready to conform to the authority or will of others; meekly obedient or passive; compliant; yielding
🔸a submissive, almost sheeplike people

Question 67

ethnics

Answer 67

🔹قومیت