TPO50 Flashcards
oversee
🔹supervise (a person or their work), especially in an official capacity.
🔸the Home Secretary oversees the police service
in-depth
🔹covering many or all important points of a subject; comprehensive; through
🔸an in-depth study
culvert
🔹a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railway; channel
آبریز
utmost
🔹most extreme; greatest.
🔸a matter of the utmost importance
blatant
🔹something bad that is blatant is very clear and easy to see, but the person responsible for it does not seem embarrassed or ashamed
🔸blatant discrimination
surge
🔹a sudden powerful forward or upward movement, especially by a crowd or by a natural force such as the tide.
🔸flooding caused by tidal surges
🔹a sudden large increase, typically a temporary one; escalation; boost
🔸the firm predicted a 20% surge in sales
🔹a major deployment of military forces to reinforce those already in a particular area.
🔹a powerful rush of an emotion or feeling.
🔸Sophie felt a surge of anger
precipitate
🔹cause (an event or situation, typically one that is undesirable) to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely; bring about
🔹cause to move suddenly and with force.
🔸suddenly the ladder broke, precipitating them down into a heap
🔹send someone or something suddenly into a particular state or condition.
🔸they were precipitated into a conflict for which they were quite unprepared
🔹(CHEMISTRY) cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution.
🔸cell proteins were then precipitated and washed in 10% trichloroacetic acid
🔹cause (drops of moisture or particles of dust) to be deposited from the atmosphere or from a vapour or suspension.
🔸excess moisture is precipitated as rain, fog, mist, or dew
ballot
🔹a system of voting secretly and in writing on a particular issue.
🔸a strike ballot
🔹the total number of votes cast in a ballot.
noun: the ballot
🔸he won 54 per cent of the ballot
🔹the piece of paper used to record a person’s vote.
🔸there were fifty-three abstentions and twenty-eight spoilt ballots
🔹a lottery held to decide the allocation of tickets, shares, or other things among a number of applicants.
🔸a ballot decides which investors will be successful in buying the stock
🔹(of an organization) ask (members) to vote secretly on an issue.
🔸the union is preparing to ballot its members on industrial action
🔹cast one’s vote on an issue.
🔸ambulance crews balloted unanimously to reject the deal
flatter
🔹lavish praise and compliments on (someone), often insincerely and with the aim of furthering one’s own interests; compliment
چاپلوسی
🔸she was flattering him in order to avoid doing what he wanted
🔹cause (someone) to feel honoured and pleased; honor; gratify
🔸I was very flattered to be given the commission
🔹choose to believe something favourable about oneself, typically when this belief is unfounded.
🔸‘Don’t flatter yourself! I wasn’t doing it for your benefit!’
🔹give an unrealistically favourable impression of.
🔸the final scoreline flattered England
🔹(of a colour or a style of clothing) cause (someone) to appear to the best advantage.
🔸the fuchsia shade flattered her pale skin
jammed
🔹squeeze or pack tightly into a specified space.
🔸four of us were jammed in one compartment
🔹push (something) roughly and forcibly into position or a space.
🔸he jammed his hat on
🔹crowd on to (a road or area) so as to block it.
🔸the streets were jammed with tourist coaches
🔹cause (telephone lines) to be continuously engaged with a large number of calls.
🔸listeners jammed a radio station’s switchboard with calls
🔹become or make unable to move or work due to a part seizing up or becoming stuck.
🔸the photocopier jammed
🔸my schedule is so jammed
whizz
🔹a whistling or buzzing sound made by something moving fast through the air.
🔹(INFORMAL) a fast movement or brief tour.
🔸a quick whizz around the research-and-development facility
🔹(INFORMAL) a person who is extremely clever at something.
🔸a computer whizz
🔹an act of urinating.
emulate
🔹match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically by imitation; imitate
🔸most rulers wished to emulate Alexander the Great
🔸hers is not a hairstyle I wish to emulate
by-product
🔹an incidental or secondary product made in the manufacture or synthesis of something else; side effect
محصول جانبی
🔸zinc is a by-product of the glazing process
expel
🔹to officially force someone to leave a school or organization
🔸Two girls were expelled from school for taking drugs.
🔹to force a foreigner to leave a country, especially because they have broken the law or for political reasons
🔸Foreign priests were expelled from the country.
🔹to force air, water, or gas etc out of your body or out of a container
build up
🔹INCREASE GRADUALLY if something builds up somewhere, or if you build it up, it gradually becomes bigger or greater
🔸the rate at which the pension builds up
🔹make something develop or form
🔸He’s built up the family firm into a multinational company.
🔹if a feeling builds up, or if you build it up, it increases gradually over a period of time
🔸If you don’t express your feelings, frustration and anger can build up.
🔹to make someone well and strong again, especially after an illness
🔸Taking exercise will build up your strength.
🔹to praise someone or something so that other people think they are really good, or so that they have more confidence
🔸The coach has been building his men up before the match.
stellar
🔹relating to a star or stars.
🔸stellar structure and evolution
bulge
🔹a rounded swelling which distorts an otherwise flat surface.
تحدب- ورم- برآمدگی
🔸the telltale bulge of a concealed weapon
cosmos
🔹the universe seen as a well-ordered whole.
کیهان
🔸he sat staring deep into the void, reminding himself of man’s place in the cosmos
🔹a system of thought.
plural noun: cosmoses
🔸the new gender-free intellectual cosmos
incorporate
🔹take in or contain (something) as part of a whole; include.
🔸he has incorporated in his proposals a number of measures
🔹combine (ingredients) into one substance.
🔸add the cheeses and butter and process briefly to incorporate them
🔹constitute (a company, city, or other organization) as a legal corporation.
🔸limited liability companies could only be incorporated under the 1930 Act
expend
🔹spend or use up (a resource such as money or energy).
🔸the energy expended in sport could be directed into other areas
dim
🔹(of a light, colour, or illuminated object) not shining brightly or clearly; faint
🔸the dim glow of the fire
🔹(of an object or shape) made difficult to see by darkness, shade, or distance.
🔸a dim figure in the dark kitchen
🔹(of a room or other space) made difficult to see in by darkness.
🔸long dim corridors
🔹(of the eyes) unable to see clearly.
🔸his eyes became dim
🔹(of a sound) indistinct or muffled.
🔸the dim drone of their voices
🔹not clearly recalled or formulated in the mind; vague
🔸dim memories
🔹(of a situation) not giving cause for hope or optimism.
🔸their prospects for the future looked fairly dim
ripple
🔹a small wave or series of waves on the surface of water, especially as caused by a slight breeze or an object dropping into it.
🔸he dived into the pool leaving barely a ripple
🔹a thing resembling a ripple or ripples in appearance or movement.
🔸the sand undulated and was ridged with ripples
🔹a gentle rising and falling sound that spreads through a group of people.
🔸a ripple of laughter ran around the room
🔹a particular feeling or effect that spreads through someone or something.
🔸his words set off a ripple of excitement within her
envelope
🔹a covering or containing structure or layer.
🔸the external envelope of the swimming pool
gaseous
🔹relating to or having the characteristics of a gas.
گازی
🔸gaseous emissions from motor vehicles
exert
🔹to use your power, influence etc in order to make something happen
🔸They exerted considerable influence within the school.
collocation:
🔸exert pressure
Did Democratic leaders exert pressure on their colleagues to vote for the new law?
🔸exert influence
These large companies exert considerable influence over the government.
🔸exert control
The state should not exert control over the media.
🔸exert power
He exerts considerable power within the family.
🔸exert authority
It is every parent’s responsibility to exert their authority by laying down some firm rules.
🔸exert discipline
Exerting discipline is essential, especially when there are problem students in the class.
🔸exert effort
We exerted every effort to get there on time.
🔸exert your will (=make something happen in the way that you want)
The army exerted its will by arresting anti-government supporters.
🔹make a physical or mental effort; strive; endeavour
🔸he needs to exert himself to try to find an answer
municipal
🔹relating to a town or district or its governing body; civic; urban
🔸national and municipal elections
slack
🔹not taut or held tightly in position; loose.
🔸a slack rope
🔹(of business or trade) characterized by a lack of work or activity; quiet.
🔸business was rather slack
🔹slow or sluggish.
🔸they were working at a slack pace
🔹having or showing laziness or negligence.
🔸slack accounting procedures
🔹loosen (something, especially a rope).
🔸slacking the outhaul allows you to adjust the sail
🔹decrease or reduce in intensity, quantity, or speed.
🔸the flow of blood slacked off
spearhead
🔹lead (an attack or movement).
🔸he’s spearheading a campaign to reduce the number of accidents at work
overtake
🔹catch up with and pass while travelling in the same direction.
سبقت گرفتن
🔸the driver overtook a line of vehicles
🔹become greater or more successful than.
🔸Germany rapidly overtook Britain in industrial output
🔹(especially of misfortune) come suddenly or unexpectedly upon.
🔸disaster overtook the town in AD 296
🔹(of a feeling) affect (someone) suddenly and powerfully.
🔸weariness overtook him and he retired to bed
lumber
🔹move in a slow, heavy, awkward way.
🔸a truck lumbered past
🔹الوار
🔹(informal) burden (someone) with something unwanted.
🔸the banks do not want to be lumbered with a building that they cannot sell
estate
🔹an extensive area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by one person, family, or organization; property; grounds
املاک
🔹all the money and property owned by a particular person, especially at death; assets
🔸in his will, he divided his estate between his wife and daughter
replete
🔹filled or well-supplied with something.
🔸sensational popular fiction, replete with adultery and sudden death
🔹very full of or sated by food.
🔸I went out into the sun-drenched streets again, replete and relaxed
onset
🔹the beginning of something, especially something unpleasant.
🔸the onset of winter
overly
🔹excessively.
🔸she was a jealous and overly possessive woman
blast
🔹blow up or break apart (something solid) with explosives.
🔸the school was blasted by an explosion
🔹produce (damage) by means of an explosion.
🔸the force of the collision blasted out a tremendous crater
🔹force or throw (something) in a specified direction by impact or explosion.
🔸the car was blasted thirty feet into the sky
🔹shoot with a gun.
🔸Fowler was blasted with an air rifle
🔹move very quickly and loudly in a specified direction.
🔸four low-flying jets blasted down the glen
🔹produce or cause to produce loud continuous music or other noise.
🔸music blasted out at full volume
🔹kick or strike (a ball) hard.
🔸the striker blasted the free kick into the net
blasted:
🔹withered or blighted; laid waste.
🔸a blasted heath
scrap
🔹discard or remove from service (a redundant, old, or inoperative vehicle, vessel, or machine), especially so as to convert it to scrap metal.
🔸a bold decision was taken to scrap existing plant
🔹abolish or cancel (a plan, policy, or law).
🔸he supports the idea that road tax should be scrapped
🔹engage in a minor fight or quarrel.
🔸the older boys started scrapping with me
🔹compete fiercely.
🔸the two drivers scrapped for the lead
bar
🔹to officially prevent someone from entering a place or from doing something
bar somebody from (doing) something
🔸They seized his passport and barred him from leaving the country.
🔹 to prevent people from going somewhere by placing something in their way
🔸She ran back, but Francis barred her way.
take up
🔹to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it
🔸Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest.
🔹to start a new job or have a new responsibility
🔸 Peter will take up the management of the finance department.
🔹if you take up a suggestion, problem, complaint etc, you start to do something about it
🔸Now the papers have taken up the story.
🔹to fill a particular amount of time or space
🔸The little time I had outside of school was taken up with work.
🔹to accept a suggestion, offer, or idea
🔸Rob took up the invitation to visit.
🔹to move to the exact place where you should be, so that you are ready to do something
🔸The runners are taking up their positions on the starting line.
🔹to continue a story or activity that you or someone else had begun, after a short break
🔸I’ll take up the story where you left off.
🔹to make a piece of clothing shorter
abortive
🔹failing to produce the intended result; vein
🔸the rebel officers who led the abortive coup were shot
substitution
🔹the action of replacing someone or something with another person or thing; exchange
🔸the substitution of rail services with buses
coequal
🔹having the same rank or importance.
🔹a person or thing equal with another.
🔸coequal partners
signify
🔹be an indication of.
🔸this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities
🔹be a symbol of; have as meaning.
🔸the church used this image to signify the Holy Trinity
🔹(of a person) indicate or declare (a feeling or intention).
🔸signify your agreement by signing the letter below
🔹be of importance.
🔸the locked door doesn’t necessarily signify
دلالت کردن- حاکی بودن
swamp
🔹an area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh.
🔹overwhelm or flood with water.
🔸a huge wave swamped the canoes
🔹overwhelm with an excessive amount of something; inundate; deluge; engulf
🔸the country was swamped with goods from abroad
monarchy
🔹a form of government with a monarch at the head; sovereignty
🔹a state that has a monarch.
plural noun: monarchies
🔹the monarch and royal family of a country.
noun: the monarchy
🔸the monarchy is the focus of loyalty and service
سلطنت
overcome
🔹succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty).
🔸he overcame his pain for a time
🔹defeat (an opponent).
🔸an experienced England side overcame the determined home team
🔹(of a feeling or emotion) overpower or overwhelm.
🔸she was obviously overcome with excitement
constitutional
🔹relating to an established set of principles governing a state.
🔸a constitutional amendment
🔹in accordance with a constitution(قانون اساسی).
🔸a constitutional monarchy
🔹relating to someone’s nature or physical condition.
🔸a constitutional weakness
🔹a walk taken regularly to maintain or restore good health.
🔸she went out for a constitutional
anarchy
🔹a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems.
🔸he must ensure public order in a country threatened with anarchy
🔹absence of government and absolute freedom of the individual, regarded as a political ideal.
dislocation
🔹disturbance from a proper, original, or usual place or state.
🔸rapid urban and industrial development brought immense social dislocation in its wake
🔹injury or disability caused when the normal position of a joint or other part of the body is disturbed.
🔸congenital dislocation of the hip
bloodless
🔹(of a revolution or conflict) without violence or killing.
🔸a bloodless coup
🔹(of the skin) drained of colour.
🔸his bloodless lips
🔹(of a person) cold or ruthless; heartless
🔸a shrewd and bloodless Hollywood mogul
🔹lacking in vitality; feeble; spiritless
🔸a bloodless chorus
colony
🔹a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country.
مستعمره
🔸Japanese forces overran the French colony of Indo-China
🔹a group of people living in a colony, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors.
🔸the colony looked forward to fifty or more years of autonomy
🔹a group of people of one nationality or race living in a foreign place.
🔸the British colony in New York
🔹a place where a group of people with the same occupation or interest live together; community
🔸a nudist colony
🔹(biology) a community of animals or plants of one kind living close together or forming a physically connected structure.
🔸a colony of seals
conspiracy
🔹a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful; plot
توطئه
🔸a conspiracy to destroy the government
revolt
🔹take violent action against an established government or ruler; rebel
شورش
🔸the Iceni revolted and had to be suppressed
🔹refuse to acknowledge someone or something as having authority.
🔸voters may revolt when they realize the cost of the measures
🔹cause to feel disgust.
🔸he was revolted by the stench that greeted him
concession
🔹something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement → concede
امتیازات
🔸concession to
a policy of no concessions to terrorists
🔸concession on
his readiness to make concessions on many of the issues raised
🔸make concession
The British were not prepared to make any concessions.
🔹a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right
🔸the ending of tax concessions for home owners
🔹a reduction in the price of tickets, fees etc for certain groups of people, for example old people or children
🔸To qualify for travel concessions you have to be 60.
🔹a change in your behaviour that you make because of a particular situation or idea
🔸He took off his jacket as a concession to the heat.
🔹 the right to have a business in a particular place, especially in a place owned by someone else
🔸The company owns valuable logging and mining concessions.
influx
🔹an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things.
🔸a massive influx of tourists
🔹an inflow of water into a river, lake, or the sea.
🔸the lakes are fed by influxes of meltwater
resentment
🔹bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly; bitterness; indignation; irritation
رنجش- خشم
🔸his resentment at being demoted
hangers-on
🔹a person who associates with another person or a group in a sycophantic manner or for the purpose of gaining some personal advantage.
🔸the shysters, the freebooters, the hangers-on who traditionally take advantage of champions
frame
🔹to surround something with something else so that it looks attractive or can be seen clearly
🔸Sarah’s face was framed by her long dark hair.
🔹to put a picture in a structure that will hold it firmly
🔸I’m going to get the picture framed.
🔹to deliberately make someone seem guilty of a crime when they are not guilty, by lying to the police or in a court of law
🔸Needham’s lawyers claimed that he had been framed by the police.
🔹(formal) to carefully plan the way you are going to ask a question, make a statement etc
🔸She wondered how she was going to frame the question.
🔹(formal) to organize and develop a plan, system etc
🔸Newman played a central role in framing the new law.
timid
🔹showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened; fearful
ترسو- کمرو
🔸I was too timid to ask for what I wanted
vacillate
🔹waver between different opinions or actions; be indecisive; dither; hesitate
🔸I vacillated between teaching and journalism
vacillating:
🔹wavering between different opinions or actions; irresolute.
🔸he was accused of vacillating leadership
courtier
🔹a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the king or queen.
hunger
🔹have a strong desire or craving for.
🔸he hungered for a sense of self-worth
🔸Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal.
abrogate
🔹repeal or do away with (a law, right, or formal agreement); repudiate; revoke; rescind; annul; abolish
🔸a proposal to abrogate temporarily the right to strike
🔹evade (a responsibility or duty).
🔸we believe the board is abrogating its responsibilities to its shareholders
decree
🔹an official order that has the force of law; edict; order; command
حکم
🔸the decree guaranteed freedom of assembly
🔹the issuing of a decree.
🔸the king ruled by decree
🔹a judgement or decision of certain law courts, especially in matrimonial cases.
proclamation
🔹a public or official announcement dealing with a matter of great importance; decree; edict
🔸the issuing by the monarch of a proclamation dissolving Parliament
🔹the public or official announcement of an important matter.
🔸the government restricted the use of water by proclamation
🔹a clear declaration of something.
🔸bold proclamations about their team’s hopes for the season
بیانیه- ابلاغیه
relentlessly
🔹in an unceasingly intense or harsh way.
🔸Joseph worked relentlessly
submissive
🔹ready to conform to the authority or will of others; meekly obedient or passive; compliant; yielding
🔸a submissive, almost sheeplike people
ethnics
🔹قومیت
