TPO23 Flashcards
desert
🔹abandon (a person, cause, or organization) in a way considered disloyal or treacherous.
🔸we feel our public representatives have deserted us
🔹(of people) leave (a place), causing it to appear empty; uninhabited; unoccupied
🔸the tourists have deserted the beaches
🔹(of a quality or ability) fail (someone) when most needed.
🔸her luck deserted her
(military)
🔹illegally leave the armed forces.
🔸his life in the regiment had been such a hell that he decided to desert
deserted:
🔹(of a place) empty of people.
🔸deserted beaches of soft sand
replenish
🔹fill (something) up again; recharge; refill 🔸he replenished Justin's glass with mineral water از ریشه plen به معنی فراوان و با re یعنی دوباره زیاد کردن
🔹restore (a stock or supply) to a former level or condition; renew
🔸all creatures need sleep to replenish their energies
rejuvenate
🔹to make something work much better or become much better again
🔸a bid to rejuvenate the town centre
🔹 to make someone look or feel young and strong again; revive; revitalize
🔸 I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated.
🔹to make a company, product, market etc successful again, for example by changing it or by introducing something new
🔸He has shown an ability to rejuvenate ailing companies.
invigorate
🔹if something invigorates you, it makes you feel healthier, stronger, and have more energy
🔸At my age, the walk into town is enough to invigorate me.
🔹 to make the people in an organization or group feel excited again, so that they want to make something successful
🔸Carey’s hope was that the church would be renewed and invigorated.
rescind
🔹to officially end a law, or change a decision or agreement; revoke
🔸The company has the right to rescind the agreement.
باطل کردن- لغو کردن- فسخ کردن
renovate
🔹restore (something old, especially a building) to a good state of repair; modernize
🔸the old school has been tastefully renovated as a private house
carry out renovation to the building
building has undergone major renovation
parched
🔹dried out with heat; arid
🔸the parched earth
potable
🔹safe to drink; drinkable.
🔸there is no supply of potable water available.
closure
🔹an act or process of closing something, especially an institution, thoroughfare, or frontier, or of being closed.
🔸hospitals that face closure
🔹a thing that closes or seals something, such as a cap or tie.
🔹(in a legislative assembly) a procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote.
🔸a closure motion
🔹a sense of resolution or conclusion at the end of an artistic work.
🔸he brings modernistic closure to his narrative
🔹a feeling that an emotional or traumatic experience has been resolved
🔸I am desperately trying to reach closure but I don’t know how to do it without answers from him
tortuous
🔹full of twists and turns.
🔸the route is remote and tortuous
🔹excessively lengthy and complex; convoluted
🔸a tortuous argument
winding
🔹a twisting movement or course; twist; turn; bend
🔸the windings of the stream
🔹a thing that winds or is wound round something.
پیچاپیچ- چیزی که پیچ میخورد- مارپیچی
sort
🔹 a group or class of people, things etc that have similar qualities or features; type; kind 🔸what sort of shampoo do you use?
🔹 to put things in a particular order or arrange them in groups according to size, type etc; classify
🔸The eggs are sorted according to size.
🔹to deal with a situation so that all the problems are solved and everything is organized
🔸the teacher helps the children to sort out their problems
🔸 Right, I’ll leave this for Roger and Terry to sort, then.
topography
🔹the shape of a surface such as Earth’s, including the rise and fall of such features as mountains and valleys.
🔸the topography of the island
drainage
🔹the action or process of draining something.
🔸the pot must have holes in the base for good drainage
🔹a system of drains.
🔸they set about renewing and repairing drainage and water supplies
سیستم زهکش فاضلاب و آبکشی
stretch
🔹extend or spread over an area or period of time.
🔸the beach stretches for over four miles
🔹last or cause to last longer than expected; prolong
🔸her nap had stretched to two hours
🔹(of finances or resources) be sufficient or adequate for a certain purpose; afford
🔸my budget won’t stretch to a weekend at a health farm
🔹make great demands on the capacity or resources of.
🔸the cost of the court case has stretched their finances to the limit
🔹cause (someone) to make maximum use of their talents or abilities.
🔸it’s too easy—it doesn’t stretch me
frontier
🔹a line or border separating two countries; border; boundary; dividing line
🔸international crime knows no frontiers
🔹the extreme limit of settled land beyond which lies wilderness
🔸his novel of the American frontier
🔹the extreme limit of understanding or achievement in a particular area.
🔸the success of science in extending the frontiers of knowledge
antelope
🔹بزکوهی
abound
🔹exist in large numbers or amounts; proliferate
“rumours of a further scandal abound
🔹have in large numbers or amounts.
“this area abounds with caravan sites
bull
🔹گاو نر- حیوان نر بزرگ
🔸two bulls and a cow
🔸a bull elephant
ox
🔹a domesticated bovine animal kept for milk or meat; a cow or bull.
🔸he was tall and broad and as strong as an ox
plural: oxen
offspring
🔹a person's child or children. 🔸the offspring of middle-class parents
inbreed
🔹breed from closely related people or animals, especially over many generations.
🔸persistent inbreeding has produced an unusually high frequency of sufferers from this disease
tame
(v.)
🔹domesticate (an animal).
🔸wild rabbits can be kept in captivity and eventually tamed
🔹make less powerful and easier to control.
🔸the battle to tame inflation
(adj.)
🔹(of an animal) not dangerous or frightened of people; domesticated.
🔸the fish are so tame you have to push them away
🔹(of a person) willing to cooperate; obedient
🔸every businessman needs a tame lawyer at his elbow
🔹not exciting, adventurous, or controversial.
🔸network TV on Saturday night is a pretty tame affair
🔹(of a plant) produced by cultivation; (of land) cultivated.
🔸a big field of tame hay
juxtaposition
the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect; living side by side
🔸the juxtaposition of these two images
cast about (or around or round)
🔹search far and wide (physically or mentally).
🔸he is restlessly casting about for novelties
adze
🔹a tool similar to an axe, with an arched blade at right angles to the handle, used for cutting or shaping large pieces of wood.
تیشه
bow
🔹bend the head or upper part of the body as a sign of respect, greeting, or shame. 🔹bend with age or under pressure. 🔹submit to pressure or demands. 🔸he turned and bowed to his father تعظیم کردن- مطیع شدن
🔹کمان
🔸They hunted with bow and arrow.
savanna
🔹a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.
دشت بی درخت- زمین هموار
sorghum
🔹ذرت خوشهای
millet
🔹ارزن- گندمیان
barley
🔹جو
buck
🔹the male of some horned animals, especially the fallow deer, roe deer, reindeer, and antelopes.
🔹جفتک
scrape
🔹drag or pull a hard or sharp implement across (a surface or object) so as to remove dirt or other matter.
🔸remove the green tops from the carrots and scrape them
🔹make (a hollow) by scraping away soil or rock; dig
🔸he found a ditch, scraped a hole, and put the bag in it
🔹rub or cause to rub by accident against a rough or hard surface, causing damage or injury.
🔸he smashed into the wall and felt his teeth scrape against the plaster
🔹draw or move (something) along or over something else, making a harsh noise.
🔸she scraped back her chair and stood up
🔹narrowly pass by or through something.
🔸there was only just room to scrape through between the tree and the edge of the stream
🔹just manage to achieve; accomplish with great effort or difficulty.
🔸Scotland scraped a lucky home draw with Portugal
🔹try to save as much money as possible; economize.
🔸they had scrimped and scraped and saved for years”
🔹manage to live with difficulty.
🔸she has to scrape by on Social Security
woodlot
a piece of land on which trees are cultivated, specif. as a source of firewood, lumber, etc.
منطقه ممنوعه برای رشد درختان
bark
🔹utter (a command or question) abruptly or aggressively.
🔸he began barking out his order
🔹the tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub; peel; coating
🔸beavers feed on leaves and the living bark of trees
presumably
🔹used to say that you think something is probably true
🔸It’s raining, which presumably means that your football match will be cancelled.
maple
🔹افرا- چوب افرا
shed
🔹accidentally allow (something) to fall off or spill; drop
🔸a lorry shed its load of steel bars
🔹(of a tree or other plant) allow (leaves or fruit) to fall to the ground.
🔸both varieties shed leaves in winter
🔹(of a reptile, insect, etc.) allow (its skin or shell) to come off, to be replaced by another one that has grown underneath.
🔹(of a mammal) lose (hair) as a result of moulting, disease, or age.
🔹take off (clothes).
🔹discard (something undesirable, superfluous, or outdated).
🔸many firms use relocation as an opportunity to shed job
🔹cast or give off (light).
🔸the full moon shed a watery light on the scene
ensue
🔹happen or occur afterwards or as a result.
🔸the difficulties which ensued from their commitment to Cuba
sniff
🔹draw up air audibly through the nose to detect a smell, to stop it running, or to express contempt.
🔸his dog sniffed at my trousers
استشمام- بو کشیدن
🔹investigate covertly, especially in an attempt to find out confidential or incriminating information about someone.
🔸a couple of journalists are sniffing around
scent
🔹a distinctive smell, especially one that is pleasant.
🔸the scent of freshly cut hay
🔹a trail indicated by the characteristic smell of an animal and perceptible to hounds or other animals.
🔸the hound followed the scent
captive
🔹imprisoned or confined; caged; incarcerated
🔸the farm was used to hold prisoners of war captive
🔹having no freedom to choose alternatives or to avoid something.
🔸advertisements at the cinema reach a captive audience
🔹(of a facility or service) controlled by, and typically for the sole use of, an organization.
🔸a captive power plant
pelage
🔹the fur, hair, or wool of a mammal.
secretion
🔹a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
🔸alcohol had a stimulatory effect on gastric acid secretion
🔹a substance discharged by secretion.
plural: secretions
🔸hormonal secretions
تراوش- ترشح
crude
🔹in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined; unrefined; unprocessed
🔸crude oil
خام
🔹(of an estimate or guess) likely to be only approximately accurate.
🔸a crude estimate of the number of people available for work
🔹constructed in a rudimentary or makeshift way; primitive
🔸a relatively crude nuclear weapon
🔹(of an action) showing little finesse or subtlety and as a result unlikely to succeed.
🔸the measure was condemned by economists as crude and ill-conceived
زمخت
🔹offensively coarse or rude, especially in relation to sexual matters; vulgar
🔸a crude joke
trumpet
🔹make a loud, penetrating sound resembling that of a trumpet; yell; roar
🔸wild elephants trumpeting in the bush
.
🔹proclaim widely or loudly; announce; broadcast
🔸the press trumpeted another defeat for the government”
elk
🔹گوزن شمالی
moose- elk- wapiti
هرسه نوعی گوزن
court
🔹be involved with (someone) romantically, with the intention of marrying; woo
🔸he was courting a girl from the neighbouring farm
🔹pay special attention to (someone) in an attempt to win their support or favour.
🔸Western politicians courted the leaders of the newly independent states
urinate
🔹ادرار کردن
