TPO42 Flashcards
infestation
🔹the presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals in a place, typically so as to cause damage or disease.
🔸infestation with head lice is widespread
spell
🔹be a sign or characteristic of.
🔸she had the chic, efficient look that spells Milan
🔹mean or have as a result.; cause
🔸the plans would spell disaster for the economy
🔹a short period.
🔸I want to get away from racing for a spell
🔹a period spent in an activity.
🔸a spell of greenhouse work
stress
🔹give particular emphasis or importance to (a point, statement, or idea) made in speech or writing.
🔸they stressed the need for reform
detrimental
🔹tending to cause harm; inimical
🔸recent policies have been detrimental to the interests of many old people
set forth
🔹to start a journey, especially one that is long or difficult
🔹(FORMAL)to explain or describe something in a clear and detailed way, especially in writing; to explain ideas, or make rules or suggestions
🔸This memorandum sets forth basic departmental policies.
depart from
🔹to be different from the usual or expected way of doing or thinking about something.
🔸I see no reason for us to depart from our usual practice.
🔸At this point in the speech, the minister departed from his prepared text.
pigment
🔹the natural colouring matter of animal or plant tissue.
🔸carotenoid pigments are red, orange, or yellow
🔹a substance used for colouring or painting, especially a dry powder, which when mixed with oil, water, or another medium constitutes a paint or ink.
🔸all the frescoes are painted with earth pigments
divinity
🔹the state or quality of being divine.
🔸Christ’s divinity
الوهیت
🔹a divine being; a god or goddess.
plural noun: divinities
🔸busts of Roman divinities
خدا- الهه
🔹the study of religion; theology.
🔸a doctor of divinity
signify
🔹be an indication of;be a symbol of; have as meaning.
🔸this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities
🔹(of a person) indicate or declare (a feeling or intention); express; indicate
🔸signify your agreement by signing the letter below
🔹be of importance; to be important enough to have an effect on something
🔸the locked door doesn’t necessarily signify
🔸 these figures don’t really signify in the overall results.
run over
🔹(of a container or its contents) overflow.
🔸the bath’s running over
🔹exceed (an expected limit).
🔸the film ran over schedule and budget
contaminate
🔹make (something) impure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance; pollute
🔸the site was found to be contaminated by radioactivity
allopatric
🔹(of animals or plants, especially of related species or populations) occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas.
🔹(of speciation) taking place as a result of allopatric separation.
creep
🔹move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed.
🔸he crept downstairs, hardly making any noise
🔹(of a thing) move very slowly at an inexorably steady pace.
🔸the fog was creeping up from the marsh
🔹(of a plant) grow along the ground or other surface by means of extending stems or branches.
🔸thorny roses crept up the dull gray walls
🔹(of a plastic solid) undergo gradual deformation under stress.
🔹(of an unwanted and negative characteristic or fact) occur or develop gradually and almost imperceptibly.
🔸errors crept into his game
🔹increase slowly but steadily in number or amount.
🔸interest rates have been creeping up in the past few weeks
glacier
🔹a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.
formidable
🔹inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable; intimidating; forbiding
🔸a formidable opponent
coyote
🔹a wild dog that resembles the wolf, native to North America.
windblown
🔹carried or driven by the wind.
🔸windblown sand
🔹exposed to or affected by the wind.
🔸the coastline is rugged and windblown
speciation
🔹the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
undergo
🔹experience or be subjected to (something, typically something unpleasant, painful, or arduous); go through
🔸the baby underwent a life-saving brain operation
stray
🔹move away aimlessly from a group or from the right course or place; wander off; drift
🔸dog owners are urged not to allow their dogs to stray
🔹(of the eyes or a hand) move idly or casually in a specified direction.
🔸her eyes strayed to the telephone
🔹(of a person who is married or in a long-term relationship) be unfaithful.
🔸men who stray are seen as more exciting and desirable
🔹(LITERARY) wander or roam in a specified direction.
🔸over these mounds the Kurdish shepherd strays
🔹(of a domestic animal) having no home or having wandered away from home; homeless
🔸stray dogs
constipation
🔹a condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened feces.
یبوست
battery
🔹a set of units of equipment, typically when connected together; array; set
🔸a battery of equipment to monitor blood pressure”
🔹an extensive series, sequence, or range of things; series; sequence
🔸children given a battery of tests
🔹(LAW) the crime or tort of unconsented physical contact with another person, even where the contact is not violent but merely menacing or offensive; violence; assault
allegedly
🔹used to convey that something is claimed to be the case or have taken place, although there is no proof; reportedly; supposedly
🔸he was allegedly a leading participant in the coup attempt
wipe out
🔹(wipe something ↔ out) to destroy, remove, or get rid of something completely; annihilate
🔸Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
🔸 Nothing could wipe out his bitter memories of the past.
🔹(wipe somebody ↔ out informal) to make you feel extremely tired
🔸The heat had wiped us out.
→ wiped out
🔹to fall or hit an object when you are doing something
🔸Scott wiped out on his bike.
squid
🔹ماهی مرکب
ammonite
🔹صدف- فسیل جانور نرم تنی که منقرض شده
bolide
🔹a large meteor which explodes in the atmosphere.
comet
🔹a celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun.
ستاره دنباله دار
asteroid
🔹a small rocky body orbiting the sun. Large numbers of these, ranging in size from nearly 600 miles (1,000 km) across (Ceres) to dust particles, are found (as the asteroid belt ) especially between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, though some have more eccentric orbits, and a few pass close to the earth or enter the atmosphere as meteors.
سیارک
cosmic
🔹relating to the universe or cosmos(کیهان- گیتی), especially as distinct from the earth; extraterrestrial
🔸cosmic matter
🔹inconceivably vast.
🔸the song is a masterpiece of cosmic proportions
level
🔹give a flat and even surface to; flatten; make even; smooth
🔸contractors started leveling the ground for the new power station
🔹demolish (a building or town).
🔸bulldozers are now waiting to level their home
🔹begin to fly horizontally after climbing or diving.
🔹(of a path, road, or incline) cease to slope upward or downward.
🔸the track leveled out, and there below us was the bay
🔹cease to fall or rise in number, amount, or quantity.
🔸inflation has leveled out at an acceptable rate
🔹make (something, especially a score in sport) equal or similar.
🔸Woods sliced the ball into the net to level the score
🔹increase or reduce the amount, number, or quantity of something in order to remove a disparity.
🔹aim (a weapon).
🔸he leveled a long-barreled pistol at us
🔹direct (a criticism or accusation).
🔸accusations of corruption had been leveled against him
burst into flame (or flames)
🔹suddenly begin to burn fiercely.
🔸the grass looked ready to burst into flame
crater
🔹a large, bowl-shaped cavity in the ground or on the surface of a planet or the moon, typically one caused by an explosion or the impact of a meteorite or other celestial body; basin; hollow
🔹form a crater in (the ground or a planet).
🔸he has the offensive power to crater the enemy’s runways
🔹drop or fall suddenly and disastrously; collapse.
🔸oil prices have cratered by more than 50 percent
debris
🔹scattered pieces of waste or remains.
🔸the bomb hits it, showering debris from all sides
🔹loose natural material consisting especially of broken pieces of rock.
🔸a stable arrangement of planets, comets, and debris orbiting the sun
shroud
🔹wrap or dress (a body) in a shroud for burial.
🔹cover or envelop so as to conceal from view; veil
🔸mountains shrouded by cloud
slush
🔹partially melted snow or ice.
🔸the snow was turning into brown slush in the gutters
برف آب
🔹watery mud
گل شل
🔹make a squelching or splashing sound.
🔸there was water slushing around in the galley
چلپ چولوپ کردن
impact
🔹the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another; collision; clash
🔸there was the sound of a third impact
sparse
🔹thinly dispersed or scattered.
🔸areas of sparse population
🔹scanty; in short supply.
🔸information on earnings is sparse
terrain
🔹a particular type of land
🔸rocky terrain
tectonic
🔹(GEOLOGY) relating to the structure of the earth’s crust and the large-scale processes which take place within it.
🔸the movements of the tectonic plates
🔹(of a change or development) very significant or considerable.
🔸the last decade has witnessed a tectonic shift in world affairs
🔹relating to building or construction.
🔸a contest of tectonic quality and public attractiveness”
pull apart
🔹 (pull something ↔ apart) to separate something into pieces
🔸Pull the meat apart with two forks.
🔹(pull somebody ↔ apart) to make the relationships between people in a group bad or difficult
🔸His drinking pulled the family apart
🔹(pull something ↔ apart) to carefully examine or criticize something
🔸 The selection committee pulled each proposal apart.
🔹(pull somebody/something ↔ apart) to separate people or animals when they are fighting
🔸The fight ended only when the referee pulled the two players apart.
episodic
🔹something that is episodic happens from time to time and then stops for a while, rather than happening all the time
🔸his episodic involvement in politics
🔹an episodic story or memory is one in which a lot of different events happen that do not follow on from each other
convulsion
🔹a sudden, violent, irregular movement of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles and associated especially with brain disorders such as epilepsy, the presence of certain toxins or other agents in the blood, or fever in children.
🔸toxic side effects like convulsions
تشنج- پرش
🔹uncontrollable laughter.
🔸the audience collapsed in convulsions
🔹an earthquake or other violent or major movement of the earth’s crust.
🔸the violent convulsions of tectonic plates
🔹a violent social or political upheaval.
🔸the convulsions of 1939–45
