TPO22

Question 1

retraction

Answer 1

🔹the act of taking back an offer or statement, or admitting that a statement was false:
🔸The newspaper printed a retraction for their previous error.

🔹the action of drawing something back or back in.
🔸prey is grasped between the jaws upon tongue retraction
تو کشیدن- پس کشیدن

Question 2

pivotal

Answer 2

🔹of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else; central; critical; vital
🔸Japan’s pivotal role in the world economy

🔹fixed on or as if on a pivot.
🔸a sliding or pivotal motion

Question 3

dune

Answer 3

🔹a mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by the wind, especially on the sea coast or in a desert.
توده شنی- تل شنی
🔸a sand dune

Question 4

deciduous

Answer 4

🔹A deciduous tree loses its leaves in autumn and grows new ones in the spring.
🔸sun-loving deciduous trees like aspen

🔹relating to body parts that fall out or fall off and are replaced by new ones, for example a child’s or young animal’s first teeth
🔸this is the period when the deciduous teeth are being shed

Question 5

perennial

Answer 5

🔹lasting or existing for a long or apparently infinite time; enduring or continually recurring; perpetual; eternal; everlasting; unending
🔸his perennial distrust of the media

🔹(of a plant) living for several years.
🔸cow parsley is perennial

🔹(of a stream or spring) flowing throughout the year.
🔸spring streams rise from perennial springs

Question 6

marsh

Answer 6

🔹a tract of low wet land, often treeless and periodically inundated, generally characterized by a growth of grasses, sedges, cattails, and rushes.
مرداب- باتلاق- لجنزار

Question 7

fiddler

Answer 7

🔹someone who plays the violin, especially if they play folk music

🔹someone who gives false information, especially on official documents, in order to pay less money or get more than they should
🔸tax fiddler

Question 8

excrete

Answer 8

🔹(of a living organism or cell) separate and expel as waste (a substance, especially a product of metabolism).
🔸excess bicarbonate is excreted by the kidney
دفع کردن

Question 9

sparrow

Answer 9

🔹گنجشک

Question 10

rodent

Answer 10

🔹جانور جونده مثل موش

Question 11

offshore

Answer 11

🔹situated at sea some distance from the shore.

🔸offshore islands

Question 12

germinate

Answer 12

🔹(of a seed or spore) begin to grow and put out shoots after a period of dormancy; sprout
جوانه زدن- سبز شدن
🔸when seeds float into a suitable area and germinate

🔹come into existence and develop; evolve
🔸the idea germinated and slowly grew into an obsession

Question 13

cobble

Answer 13

🔹a small round stone used to cover road surfaces.
سنگ فرش
🔸the sound of horses’ hooves on the cobbles

🔹roughly assemble or produce something from available parts or elements.
پینه دوزی
🔸the film was imperfectly cobbled together from two separate stories

Question 14

substrate

Answer 14

🔹an underlying substance or layer.
🔹the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment.
🔹a material which provides the surface on which something is deposited or inscribed, for example the silicon wafer used to manufacture integrated circuits.
زیرلایه

Question 15

estuary

Answer 15

🔹the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream; delta
مدخل- دهانه رودخانه

Question 16

nursery

Answer 16

🔹a place where young children are taken care of during the day while their parents are at work
پرورشگاه- شیرخوارگاه

🔹a place where plants and trees are grown and sold
قلمستان- گلخانه

🔹a room in a hospital where babies that have just been born are looked after
نوزادگاه

Question 17

displace

Answer 17

🔹take over the place, position, or role of; replace; supersede
🔸he believes that books may be displaced by the electronic word

🔹move (something) from its proper or usual position; dislodge; dislocate
🔸he seems to have displaced some vertebrae

🔹force (someone) to leave their home, typically because of war, persecution, or natural disaster.
🔸thousands of people have been displaced by the civil war

🔹remove (someone) from a job or position of authority; depose
🔸his aides were discredited and displaced

Question 18

brackish water

Answer 18

🔹Brackish water is water having more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater with fresh water together, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.

Question 19

pack

Answer 19

🔹a group of wild animals, especially wolves, living and hunting together; herd; troop
🔸a pack of wolves will encircle an ailing prey

🔹fill (a suitcase or bag) with clothes and other items needed for travel.
🔹place (something) in a container for transport, storage, or sale.
🔸I packed up my stuff and drove to Detroit

🔹cram a large number of things into.
🔸it was a large room, packed with beds jammed side by side
🔹(of a large number of people) crowd into and fill (a place).
🔸a packed Merseyside pub
🔹cover, surround, or fill (something); wrap
🔸if you have a nosebleed, try packing the nostrils with cotton wool

Question 20

transplant

Answer 20

🔹move or transfer (someone or something) to another place or situation; transport; convey
🔸it was proposed to transplant the club to the vacant site

🔹replant (a plant) in another place.
🔸lift and transplant bulbs when they are becoming overcrowded

🔹take (living tissue or an organ) and implant it in another part of the body or in another body; implant
🔸a kidney was transplanted from one identical twin to another

Question 21

predator

Answer 21

🔹an animal that naturally preys on others.
🔸wolves are major predators of small mammals
درنده- تغذیه کننده از شکار

🔹a person who ruthlessly exploits others.
🔸a sexual predator
غارتگر- یغماگر

Question 22

waterfowl

Answer 22

🔹ducks, geese, or other large aquatic birds, especially when regarded as game.

Question 23

hamper

Answer 23

🔹hinder or impede the movement or progress of; obstruct

🔸their work is hampered by lack of funds

Question 24

reclaim

Answer 24

🔹to get back an amount of money that you have paid; claim back
🔸You may be entitled to reclaim some tax.
استرداد

🔹to get back something that you have lost or that has been taken away from you
🔸I want to reclaim the championship that I lost in 1999.

🔹to make an area of desert, wet land etc suitable for farming or building
🔸This land will be reclaimed for a new airport.
احیای اراضی و زمین بایر- آبادسازی

🔹to obtain useful products from waste material; recycle
🔸You can reclaim old boards and use them as shelves.

Question 25

meadow

Answer 25

🔹a piece of grassland, especially one used for hay; field; grassland
🔸a meadow ready for cutting

🔹a piece of low ground near a river.
🔸a pleasant campsite in a meadow, complete with sparkling stream

Question 26

smother

Answer 26

🔹kill (someone) by covering their nose and mouth so that they suffocate; suffocate
🔸I dreamt a stranger was trying to kill me by smothering me with a pillow

🔹make (someone) feel trapped and oppressed by acting in an overly protective manner towards them; overwhelm
🔸it’s time for you to leave the house—she’ll smother you if you remain

🔹extinguish (a fire) by covering it; put out
🔸use a fire blanket to smother a chip-pan fire

🔹suppress (a feeling or action); repress; stifle
🔸she smothered a sigh

🔹(in sport) stop the motion of (the ball or a shot).
🔸the goalkeeper was able to smother the ball

🔹cover someone or something entirely with.
🔸rich orange sorbets smothered in fluffy whipped cream

Question 27

dredge

Answer 27

🔹clear the bed of (a harbour, river, or other area of water) by scooping out mud, weeds, and rubbish with a dredge.
لاروبی کردن
🔸the lower stretch of the river had been dredged

🔹bring something unwelcome and forgotten or obscure to people’s attention.
🔸I don’t understand why you had to dredge up this story

🔹sprinkle (food) with a powdered substance such as flour or sugar.
🔸dredge the bananas with sugar and cinnamon

Question 28

mow

Answer 28

🔹cut down (grass) with a machine.

🔸Roger mowed the lawn

Question 29

intently

Answer 29

🔹with earnest and eager attention; attentively; keenly; earnestly
🔸he gazed at her intently

Question 30

patent

Answer 30

🔹a government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention; license; copyright
🔸he took out a patent for an improved steam hammer

🔹easily recognizable; obvious; apparent
🔸she was smiling with patent insincerity

🔹(of a vessel, duct, or aperture) open and unobstructed; failing to close.
🔸the patient is usually left with a patent vessel

🔹obtain a patent for (an invention).
🔸an invention is not your own until it is patented

Question 31

etch

Answer 31

🔹engrave (metal, glass, or stone) by coating it with a protective layer, drawing on it with a needle, and then covering it with acid to attack the parts the needle has exposed, especially in order to produce prints from it; engrave; carve
🔸aquatint is a process of achieving tone by etching a metal plate

🔹(of an acid or other solvent) corrode or eat away the surface of (something); corrode
🔸caustic soda etches glass

🔹cut or carve (a text or design) on a surface.
🔸her initials were etched on the table flap

🔹cause to stand out or be clearly defined or visible.
🔸the outline of the town was etched against the sky

🔹(of an experience, image, etc.) be permanently fixed in someone’s memory.
🔸the events remain etched in the minds of all who witnessed them

Question 32

tonal

Answer 32

🔹relating to the tone of music, colour, or writing.

Question 33

democratic

Answer 33

🔹favouring or characterized by social equality; egalitarian.

🔸cycling is a very democratic activity which can be enjoyed by anyone

Question 34

standing

Answer 34

🔹position, status, or reputation; rank
🔸their standing in the community

🔹the table of scores indicating the relative positions of competitors in a sporting contest.
🔸she heads the world championship standings

🔹the length of time that something has lasted or that someone has fulfilled a role; duration
🔸an inter-departmental squabble of long standing

🔹remaining in force or use; permanent; abiding
🔸he has a standing invitation to visit them

🔹(of water) stagnant or still.
🔸standing water will also freeze in winter

Question 35

compromise

Answer 35

🔹settle a dispute by mutual concession.
🔸in the end we compromised and deferred the issue
مصالحه- توافق

🔹expediently accept standards that are lower than is desirable.
weaken or harm by accepting standards that are lower than is desirable.
🔸we were not prepared to compromise on safety

🔹bring into disrepute or danger by indiscreet, foolish, or reckless behaviour.
🔸situations in which his troops could be compromised

Question 36

multitude

Answer 36

🔹a large number of people or things; host
🔸a multitude of medical conditions are due to being overweight

🔹the mass of ordinary people without power or influence; the public
🔸placing ultimate political power in the hands of the multitude

Question 37

prolific

Answer 37

🔹(of a plant, animal, or person) producing much fruit or foliage or many offspring; productive; fertile
🔸in captivity tigers are prolific breeders

🔹(of an artist, author, or composer) producing many works.
🔸he was a prolific composer of operas

🔹(of a sports player) high-scoring.
🔸a prolific goalscorer

🔹present in large numbers or quantities; plentiful; profuse
🔸mahogany was once prolific in the tropical forests

Question 38

coat

Answer 38

🔹provide with a layer or covering of something; cover; overlay
🔸her right leg was coated in plaster

Question 39

unposed

Answer 39

🔹(of a photograph) not having an artificially posed subject.

🔸she leaned against the wall puffing, unposed

Question 40

genuineness

Answer 40

🔹the quality of truly being what something is said to be; authenticity.
🔸the uneven appearance of the grain confirms the genuineness of the leather

🔹sincerity.
🔸so many have been touched by her genuineness, her indomitable spirit, and her love
بی ریایی- خلوص- صمیمیت

Question 41

meteor vs. meteorite

Answer 41

Meteoroids are objects in space that range in size from dust grains to small asteroids. Think of them as “space rocks.”

When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere (or that of another planet, like Mars) at high speed and burn up, the fireballs or “shooting stars” are called meteors.

When a meteoroid survives a trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it’s called a meteorite.

Question 42

plummet

Answer 42

🔹fall or drop straight down at high speed; plunge
🔸a climber was killed when he plummeted 300 feet down an icy gully

🔹decrease rapidly in value or amount.
🔸hardware sales plummeted

Question 43

specimens

Answer 43

🔹an individual animal, plant, piece of a mineral, etc. used as an example of its species or type for scientific study or display
🔹an example of something regarded as typical of its class or group.
🔸specimens of copper ore

Question 44

constituent

Answer 44

🔹a member of an area which elects a representative to a legislative body; voter; elector
🔸the MP is playing on his constituents’ sense of regional identity to win votes

🔹a component part of something.
🔸the essential constituents of the human diet

Question 45

nebula

Answer 45

🔹the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed.
سحابی

Question 46

droplet

Answer 46

🔹a very small drop of a liquid.
🔸droplets of water
قطره

Question 47

enigmatic

Answer 47

🔹difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious; puzzling; baffling
🔸he took the money with an enigmatic smile

Question 48

fuse

Answer 48

🔹join or blend to form a single entity; merge
🔸intermarriage had fused the families into a large unit
🔹melt (a material or object) with intense heat so as to join it with something else; bond
🔸powdered glass was fused to a metal base

🔹(of an electrical appliance) stop working when a fuse melts; short-circuit
🔸the crew were left in darkness after the lights fused

Question 49

pocket

Answer 49

🔹a small patch of something; area; district
🔸some of the gardens still had pockets of dirty snow in them
🔹a small, isolated group or area.
🔸there were pockets of disaffection in parts of the country

Question 50

peculiar

Answer 50

🔹different to what is normal or expected; strange; bizzare
🔸he gave her some very peculiar looks

🔹particular; special; distinctive
🔸any attempt to explicate the theme is bound to run into peculiar difficulties”

🔹belonging exclusively to.
🔸some languages are peculiar to one region

Question 51

perplex

Answer 51

🔹make (someone) feel completely baffled; puzzle; mystify

🔸she was perplexed by her husband’s moodiness

Question 52

refractory

Answer 52

🔹stubborn or unmanageable.
🔸his refractory pony

🔹resistant to a process or stimulus.
🔸some granules are refractory to secretory stimuli

(medicine)
🔹(of a person, illness, or diseased tissue) not yielding to treatment.
🔸healing of previously refractory ulcers
🔹of a person or animal) resistant to infection.
🔸turkeys can be infected when young but are refractory as adults

🔹(of a substance) resistant to heat; hard to melt or fuse.
🔸refractory materials found in lunar samples

Question 53

inclusion

Answer 53

🔹the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure.
🔸they have been selected for inclusion in the scheme

🔹(geology) a body or particle of distinct composition embedded in a rock or other material.

Question 54

condense

Answer 54

🔹make (something) denser or more concentrated.
🔸the morning play on Saturday was condensed into a half-hour package

🔹express (written or spoken material) in fewer words; make concise; abridge
🔸he condensed the three plays into a three-hour drama

🔹change or cause to change from a gas or vapour to a liquid; precipitate; liquefy
🔸the moisture vapour in the air condenses into droplets of water

Question 55

pristine

Answer 55

🔹in its original condition; unspoilt; pure; untouched
🔸pristine copies of an early magazine

🔹clean and fresh as if new; spotless.
🔸a pristine white shirt

Question 56

minute

Answer 56

(n.)
🔹a summarized record of the proceedings at a meeting.
🔸Pat is taking the minutes

🔹an official memorandum authorizing or recommending a course of action.

(adj.)
🔹extremely small; minuscule
🔸minute particles

🔹(of an investigation or account) taking the smallest points into consideration; precise and meticulous; regorous
🔸a minute examination of the islands

Question 57

noble

Answer 57

🔹belonging by rank, title, or birth to the aristocracy; aristocratic
🔸the medieval palace was once owned by a noble Florentine family

🔹having or showing fine personal qualities or high moral principles; righteous; virtuous; honourable; honest
🔸the promotion of human rights was a noble aspiration

🔹of imposing or magnificent size or appearance; magnificent; splendid
🔸noble arches and massive granite columns

🔹of excellent or superior quality; marvellous; superb
🔸Chardonnay is the noble grape from which some of the finest white wines are produced

Question 58

distil

Answer 58

🔹purify (a liquid) by heating it so that it vaporizes, then cooling and condensing the vapour and collecting the resulting liquid; refine; filter
🔸they managed to distil a small quantity of water

🔹make (spirits or an essence) by distilling.
🔸whisky is distilled from a mash of grains

🔹extract the essence of (something) by heating it with a solvent; draw out; extract
🔸distil the leaves of some agrimony

🔹remove (a volatile constituent) of a mixture by heating; compress; condense
🔸coal tar is made by distilling out the volatile products in coal

🔹extract the essential meaning or most important aspects of.
🔸my travel notes were distilled into a book

Question 59

sludge

Answer 59

لجن

Question 60

lump

Answer 60

🔹a compact mass of a substance, especially one without a definite or regular shape; chunk
🔸there was a lump of ice floating in the milk

🔹a swelling under the skin, especially one caused by injury or disease.
🔸he was unhurt apart from a huge lump on his head

🔹a small cube of sugar.

🔹put in an indiscriminate mass or group; treat as alike without regard for particulars.
🔸Hong Kong and Bangkok tend to be lumped together in holiday brochures