TPO49 Flashcards
New World
🔹The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth’s Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas.
slump
🔹sit, lean, or fall heavily and limply.
🔸she slumped against the cushions
🔹undergo a sudden severe or prolonged fall in price, value, or amount; plummet
🔸land prices slumped
fabric
🔹cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibres; cloth
پارچه
🔸heavy cream fabric
🔹the walls, floor, and roof of a building.
🔸decay and neglect are slowly eating away at the building’s fabric
sheer
🔹nothing other than; unmitigated (used for emphasis); utter; plain
🔸she giggled with sheer delight
🔹(especially of a cliff or wall) perpendicular or nearly so.
🔸the sheer ice walls
🔹a very fine or diaphanous fabric or article.
🔸I put up the new curtains and sheers
tumble
🔹fall suddenly, clumsily, or headlong.
🔸she pitched forward, tumbling down the remaining stairs
🔹move or rush in a headlong or uncontrolled way.
🔸police and dogs tumbled from the vehicle
🔹fall rapidly in amount or value.
🔸property prices tumbled
🔹rumple; disarrange.
چروک کردن- مچاله کردن
🔸he slept fitfully for the third night in a row, tumbling the covers about him as he tried to get comfortable
gnaw
🔹bite at or nibble something persistently; chew
🔸watching a dog gnaw at a big bone
🔹bite at or nibble (something) so as to wear it away; erode
🔸the grubs tunnel into the wood and gnaw it away
🔹cause persistent distress or anxiety.
🔸the doubts continued to gnaw at me
inland
🔹situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast; interior; non-coastal
🔸the inland port of Gloucester
🔹carried on within the limits of a country; domestic; domestic; internal
🔸a network of waterways that allowed inland trade
🔹the parts of a country remote from the sea or frontiers; the interior.
glacier
🔹a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.
یخچال طبیعی
far-reaching
🔹having important and widely applicable effects or implications; extensive; wide-ranging; radical
🔸a series of far-reaching political reforms
flora
🔹the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
🔸Britain’s native flora
fauna
🔹the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
🔸the flora and fauna of Siberia
insular
🔹ignorant of or uninterested in cultures, ideas, or peoples outside one’s own experience; narrow-minded
🔸a stubbornly insular farming people
🔹lacking contact with other people; isolated
🔸people living restricted and sometimes insular existences
🔹relating to or from an island.
🔸goods of insular origin
🔹(of climate) equable because of the influence of the sea.
uplift
🔹lift (something) up; raise; boost
🔸her uplifted face
🔹(of an island, mountain, etc.) be created by an upward movement of the earth’s surface.
🔸the mountains were uplifted during the Jurassic period
🔹elevate (someone) morally or spiritually; inspiring
🔸people leave my shows feeling uplifted
dune
🔹a mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by the wind, especially on the sea coast or in a desert.
تپه شنی
🔸a sand dune
topography
🔹the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.
🔸the topography of the island
🔹a detailed description or representation on a map of the physical features of an area.
plural noun: topographies
🔹(ANATOMY•BIOLOGY) the distribution of parts or features on the surface of or within an organ or organism.
mollusc
🔹an invertebrate of a large phylum which includes snails, slugs, mussels, and octopuses. They have a soft unsegmented body and live in aquatic or damp habitats, and most kinds have an external calcareous shell.
نرم تن
divide
🔹allocate (different parts of one’s time or efforts) to different activities or places.
🔸the last years of her life were divided between Bermuda and Paris
🔹form a boundary between (two people or things).
🔸glass panels divide the bar from the TV room
🔹(of a legislative assembly) separate or be separated into two groups for voting.
🔸the House divided: Ayes 287, Noes 196
🔹disagree or cause to disagree.
🔸the question had divided Frenchmen since the Revolution
movable
🔹(of a feast or festival) variable in date from year to year; variable
🔸a perpetual calendar for all religious feasts, both fixed and movable
🔹property or possessions not including land or buildings.
🔸in many cases the movables are the facilities and stock-in-trade of a business
antiquity
🔹the ancient past, especially the period of classical and other human civilizations before the Middle Ages.
🔸the great civilizations of antiquity
🔹an object, building, or work of art from the ancient past; antique
🔸a collection of Islamic antiquities
🔹great age.
🔸a church of great antiquity
قدمت
parchment
🔹a stiff, flat, thin material made from the prepared skin of an animal, usually a sheep or goat, and used as a durable writing surface in ancient and medieval times.
کاغذ پوستی
🔸he borrowed a quill and a piece of parchment
calf
🔹گوساله
pumice
🔹سنگ پا- سنگ خارا
pulp
🔹a soft, wet, shapeless mass of material.
🔸boiling with soda will reduce your peas to pulp
🔹the soft fleshy part of a fruit.
تفاله
🔹popular or sensational writing that is regarded as being of poor quality; rubbishy
🔸the story is a mix of pulp fiction and Greek tragedy
vellum
🔹fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf.
پوست گوساله- کاغذ پوست گوساله
🔸we passed a shop offering fine parchments and even finer vellums
mill
🔹a building equipped with machinery for grinding grain into flour.
🔹a piece of machinery for grinding grain.
🔸a direct steam-driven flour mill
🔹a domestic device for grinding a solid substance to powder; grinder
🔸a pepper mill
🔹a factory fitted with machinery for a particular manufacturing process.
🔸a steel mill
🔹a piece of manufacturing machinery.
contract
🔹decrease in size, number, or range; shrink
🔸glass contracts as it cools
🔹(of a muscle) become shorter and tighter in order to effect movement of part of the body.
🔸the heart contracts about seventy times a minute
🔹shorten (a word or phrase) by combination or elision; abbreviate
🔸these sources were called quasistellar objects, which was soon contracted to quasar
🔹enter into a formal and legally binding agreement.
🔸the local authority will contract with a wide range of agencies to provide services
🔹secure specified rights or undertake specified obligations in a formal and legally binding agreement.
🔸a buyer may contract for the right to withhold payment
🔹impose an obligation on (someone) to do something by means of a formal agreement.
🔸health authorities contract a hospital to treat a specific number of patients
🔹arrange for work to be done by another organization.
🔸local authorities will have to contract out waste management
🔹formally enter into (a marriage).
🔸kings obtained dispensations to enable them to contract politically advantageous matches
🔹enter into (a friendship or other relationship).
🔸the patterns of social relationships contracted by men and women differ
🔹catch or develop (a disease or infectious agent).
🔸three people contracted a killer virus
🔹become liable to pay (a debt).
🔸he contracted a debt of £3,300
lag
🔹fail to keep up with another or others in movement or development; fall behind
🔸they waited for Tim who was lagging behind
goldsmith
🔹a person who makes gold articles.
زرگر
letterpress
🔹printed text as opposed to illustrations.
🔸the letterpress accompanying the illustrations
merit
🔹the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward.
🔸composers of outstanding merit
🔹a good feature or point.
plural noun: merits
🔸the relative merits of both approaches have to be considered
🔹a pass grade in an examination denoting above-average performance.
🔸if you expect to pass, why not go for a merit or a distinction?
🔹(LAW) the intrinsic rights and wrongs of a case, outside of any other considerations.
plural noun: merits
🔸a plaintiff who has a good arguable case on the merits
🔹(THEOLOGY) good deeds entitling someone to a future reward from God.
🔹deserve or be worthy of (reward, punishment, or attention).
🔸the results have been encouraging enough to merit further investigation
wear out
🔹use or be used until no longer in good condition or working order; deteriorate
کهنه و فرسوده شدن
🔸wearing out the stair carpet
🔹to make someone feel extremely tired; exhaust
mold
🔹a hollow container used to give shape to molten or hot liquid material when it cools and hardens.
🔸the smith would pour the molten metal into the shaped mould
🔹a distinctive and typical style, form, or character.
🔸he’s a superb striker in the same mould as Gary Lineker
🔹a furry growth of minute fungi occurring typically in moist warm conditions, especially on food or other organic matter.
🔸mould may flourish unhindered
🔹soft loose earth.
🔸the ground was soft and damp, with old leaves thick in the mould
🔹the upper soil of cultivated land, especially when rich in organic matter.
🔸gravel and sand over clay, topped by fine vegetable mould
screw
🔹پیچ
rudimentary
🔹involving or limited to basic principles; basic; elementary;
🔸he received a rudimentary education
🔹relating to an immature, undeveloped, or basic form; primitive; crude
🔸a rudimentary stage of evolution
strike
🔹insert (a cutting of a plant) in soil to take root.
🔸best results are obtained from striking them in a propagator
🔹(of a plant or cutting) develop roots.
🔸small conifers will strike from cuttings
🔹take down (a tent or the tents of an encampment).
🔸it took ages to strike camp
🔹move or proceed vigorously or purposefully.
🔸she struck out into the lake with a practised crawl
🔹reach, achieve, or agree to (something involving agreement, balance, or compromise).
🔸the team has struck a deal with a sports marketing agency
momentum
🔹the quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.
تکانه
🔹the impetus and driving force gained by the development of a process or course of events; energy; impetus; drive
🔸the investigation gathered momentum in the spring
take on
🔹to start to employ someone; hire
🔸We’re taking on 50 new staff this year.
🔹to agree to do some work or be responsible for something
🔸Don’t take on too much work – the extra cash isn’t worth it.
🔹to begin to have a particular quality or appearance
🔸Her face took on a fierce expression.
🔹to compete against someone or start a fight with someone, especially someone bigger or better than you
🔸Nigeria will take on Argentina in the first round of the World Cup on Saturday.
🔹if a plane or ship takes on people or things, they come onto it
🔸We stopped to take on fuel.
spring up
🔹to suddenly appear or start to exist
🔸Fast-food restaurants are springing up all over town.
monastic
🔹relating to monks, nuns, or others living under religious vows, or the buildings in which they live.
🔸a monastic order
🔹resembling or suggestive of monks or their way of life, especially in being austere, solitary, or celibate.
🔹a monk or other follower of a monastic rule.
رهبانی
rivalry
🔹competition
typeface
🔹حروفچینی
🔸you’re reading a typeface called Dutch
sneer
🔹smile or speak in a contemptuous or mocking manner; redicule
🔸she had sneered at their bad taste
initiative
🔹the ability to assess and initiate things independently.
🔸use your initiative, imagination, and common sense
🔹the power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do.
🔸anti-hunting groups have seized the initiative in the dispute
🔹an act or strategy intended to resolve a difficulty or improve a situation; a fresh approach to something.
🔸a new initiative against car crime
ابتکار عمل
artistry
🔹creative skill or ability.
هنرمندی- استعداد هنری
🔸the of the pianist
step up
🔹step something ↔ up to increase the amount of an activity or the speed of a process in order to improve a situation
🔸The health department is stepping up efforts to reduce teenage smoking.
🔹(also step up to the plate) to agree to help someone or to be responsible for doing something
🔸Residents will have to step up if they want to rid this area of crime.
breakthrough
🔹a sudden, dramatic, and important discovery or development; development; advance
🔸a major breakthrough in DNA research
🔹an instance of achieving success in a particular sphere or activity.
🔸his big breakthrough came in 1988 when he had two paintings accepted by the RSA
cottage industry
🔹a small business in which people work in their own homes
peasant
🔹a poor smallholder or agricultural labourer of low social status (chiefly in historical use or with reference to subsistence farming in poorer countries).
دهقان
🔸peasant farmers
tariff
🔹a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports; tax; toll تعرفه 🔸the reduction of trade barriers and import tariffs
entrepreneur
🔹a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit; businessman
کارآفرین
🔸many entrepreneurs see potential in this market
thrift
🔹the quality of using money and other resources carefully and not wastefully.
صرفه جویی
🔸the values of thrift and self-reliance
rotation
🔹the passing of a privilege or responsibility to each member of a group in a regularly recurring order.
🔸it has become common for senior academics to act as heads of department in rotation”
🔹the growing of different crops in succession on a piece of land to avoid exhausting the soil and to control weeds, pests, and diseases.
noun: crop rotation; plural noun: crop rotations
🔸traditional practices such as crop rotation
fen
🔹a low and marshy or frequently flooded area of land; marsh
مرداب
🔸a native species of fens and damp meadows
fence
🔹surround or protect with a fence; enclose; surround; girdle; encompass; circumscribe
🔸our garden was not fully fenced
🔹enclose or separate an area with a fence.
🔸a small plantation of young trees had been fenced off
🔹use a barrier to exclude someone or something.
🔸walkers may find themselves fenced out of the moor
🔹engage in the sport of fencing.
شمشیربازی
🔹conduct a discussion or argument in an evasive way.
🔸twelve months of fencing with McLaren had taken a toll on his nerves
pasture
🔹land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals, especially cattle or sheep.
مراتع
🔸areas of rich meadow pasture
🔹used to refer to a person’s situation in life.
🔸she left the office for pastures new
🔹put (animals) to graze in a pasture.
🔸they pastured their cows in the water meadow
🔹(of animals) graze.
🔸the livestock pastured and the crops grew
parcel
🔹an object or collection of objects wrapped in paper in order to be carried or sent by post; package
بسته
🔸the lorry was carrying a large number of Royal Mail parcels
🔹a quantity or amount of something, especially as dealt with in one commercial transaction.
🔸a parcel of shares
🔹a piece of land, especially one considered as part of an estate.
🔸she decided to divide her property into three parcels and invite sealed bids
🔹make (something) into a parcel by wrapping it; pack
🔸he parcelled up the goods and sent them back
🔹divide into portions and then distribute.
🔸the farmers argue that parcelling out commercial farmland in small plots will reduce productivity
acre
🔹هکتار
flock
🔹a number of birds of one kind feeding, resting, or travelling together.
🔸a flock of gulls
🔹a number of domestic animals, especially sheep, goats, or geese, that are kept together; herd
🔸a flock of sheep
🔹a large number or crowd of people.
🔸a flock of paparazzi tailed them all over London
