TPO20 Flashcards
westward
🔹towards the west.
cotton
🔹پنبه- نخ
commodity
🔹 raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
🔸commodities such as copper and coffee
🔹a useful or valuable thing
🔸water is a precious commodity
artisan
🔹a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand; craftsperson
🔸street markets where local artisans display handwoven textiles, painted ceramics, and leather goods
🔹(of food or drink) made in a traditional or non-mechanized way using high-quality ingredients.
🔸Britain’s artisan cheeses
stratify
🔹form or arrange into strata; arrange or classify.
🔸stratifying patients into well-defined risk groups.
🔸there is no society that is not stratified.
rigid
🔹unable to bend or be forced out of shape; not flexible; stiff; unbending
🔸a seat of rigid orange plastic
🔹(of a person or part of their body) stiff and unmoving, especially as a result of shock or fear.
🔸Beatrice was rigid with terror
🔹not able to be changed or adapted.not adaptable in outlook, belief, or response; firm; strict; rigorous
🔸the College had not wanted to be too rigid in imposing teaching methods
inveterate
🔹having a particular habit, activity, or interest that is long-established and unlikely to change; deep-rooted; entrenched
🔸an inveterate enemy
nomadic
🔹living the life of a nomad; wandering.
چادرنشین- وابسته به کوچگری
fringe
🔹the outer, marginal, or extreme part of an area, group, or sphere of activity.
حاشیه- کناره
🔸the house stood at the fringe of the slum
🔹چتری
🔸she smiled as she pushed her fringe back out of her eyes
alluvium
🔹a deposit of clay, silt, and sand left by flowing floodwater in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil.
fecund
🔹producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth; highly fertile; fruitful; productive
🔸a lush and fecund garden
🔹producing many new ideas.
🔸her fecund imagination
loam
🔹a fertile soil of clay and sand containing humus.
خاک گلدانی
prairie
🔹a large open area of grassland, especially in North America.
چمنزار- مرغزار
sterile
🔹not able to produce children or young; infertile; infecund; barren
🔹(of a plant) not able to produce fruit or seeds.
🔹(of land or soil) too poor in quality to produce crops; arid; unproductive
🔹lacking in imagination, creativity, or excitement; uninspiring or unproductive.
🔹free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; totally clean; germ-free; disinfected
plague
🔹cause continual trouble or distress to; trouble
🔸he has been plagued by ill health
🔹pester or harass (someone) continually; bother; persecute
🔸he was plaguing her with questions
proliferation
🔹rapid increase in the number or amount of something.
🔸a continuing threat of nuclear proliferation
🔹rapid reproduction of a cell, part, or organism; growth
🔸we attempted to measure cell proliferation
🔹a large number of something.
🔸stress levels are high, forcing upon them a proliferation of ailments
fall due
🔹(of a debt, loan, rent etc.) To reach its due date for payment, or repayment.
🔹(insurance, lease etc.) To reach the date for renewal.
🔸permanent job makes it easy to repay loans when they fell due.
hand
🔹pick (something) up and give it to (someone); pass
🔸he handed each man a glass
🔹hold the hand of (someone) in order to guide them in a specified direction; assist
🔸he handed them into the carriage
surplus
🔹an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply; excess
🔸exports of food surpluses
navigable
🔹(of a waterway or sea) able to be sailed on by ships or boats; passable
🔸a navigable channel
🔹(of a track or road) suitable for vehicles.
🔹(of a website) easy to move around in.
🔸the use of white space can help make your mobile-optimized site clearer and more navigable
dirt road
🔹a road of packed earth, gravel, etc. with an unsealed surface.
🔸the dirt road from the airstrip into town is pocked with holes
trail
(n.)
🔹a mark or a series of signs or objects left behind by the passage of someone or something.
🔸a trail of blood on the grass
🔹a beaten path through the countryside; course; footpath
🔸country parks with nature trails
(v.)
🔹draw or be drawn along behind someone or something.
🔸Alex trailed a hand through the clear water
🔹(typically of a plant) grow or hang over the edge of something or along the ground; creep
🔸the roses grew wild, their stems trailing over the banks
🔹walk or move slowly or wearily; wander; drift
🔸he baulked at the idea of trailing around the shops
🔹(of the voice or a speaker) fade gradually before stopping.
🔸her voice trailed away
🔹follow (a person or animal) by using marks or scent left behind; pursue; trace; track
🔸Sam suspected they were trailing him
🔹be losing to an opponent in a game or contest.
🔸the defending champions were trailing 10—5 at half-time
🔹give advance publicity to (a film, broadcast, or proposal); publicize; anounce
🔸the bank’s plans have been extensively trailed
turnpike
🔹جاده- شاهراه
stimulate
🔹raise levels of physiological or nervous activity in (the body or any biological system).
🔸the women are given fertility drugs to stimulate their ovaries
🔹encourage or arouse interest or enthusiasm in; trigger
🔹encourage development of or increased activity in (a state or process).
🔸the courses stimulate a passion for learning
presage
🔹be a sign or warning of (an imminent event, typically an unwelcome one); foretell
🔸the heavy clouds above the moorland presaged snow
supersede
🔹take the place of (a person or thing previously in authority or use); supplant; replace
🔸the older models of car have now been superseded
freight
🔹goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft.
🔸a decline in the amount of freight carried by rail
🔹a charge for transport by freight.
🔸a bill indicating that the freight has been paid
🔹a load or burden.
🔸these warm winds deposit their freight of moisture in showers of rain
(v.)
🔹transport (goods) in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft; convey; carry; ship
🔸the metals had been freighted from the city
🔹be laden or burdened with.
🔸each word was freighted with anger
propel
🔹drive or push something forwards or into a particular situation.
🔸fear propelled her out of her stillness
🔸the boat is propelled by using a very long paddle
divert
🔹cause (someone or something) to change course or turn from one direction to another; reroute; redirect
🔸a scheme to divert water from the river to irrigate agricultural land
🔹reallocate (money or resources) to a different purpose.
🔸more of their advertising budget was diverted into promotions
🔹draw (the attention) of someone from something; distract
🔸public relations policies are sometimes intended to divert attention away from criticism
🔹entertain or amuse.
🔸although the audience members were diverted by this new symphony, critics disliked it
uproot
🔹pull (something, especially a tree or plant) out of the ground.
🔸the elephant’s trunk is powerful enough to uproot trees
🔹remove or destroy completely; eradicate; eliminate
🔸a revolution is necessary to uproot the social order
🔹move (someone) from their home or a familiar location.
🔸my father travelled constantly and uprooted his family several times
temperate
🔹relating to or denoting a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures; mild
🔸sage can be grown outdoors in cool, temperate climates
🔹showing moderation or self-restraint; moderate; controlled
🔸Charles was temperate in his consumption of both food and drink
معتدل- ملایم- میانهرو
momentous
🔹of great importance or significance, especially in having a bearing on future events; significant
🔸a period of momentous changes in East–West relations
forage
🔹(of a person or animal) search widely for food or provisions; hunt
🔸the birds forage for aquatic invertebrates, insects, and seeds
🔹obtain (food or provisions) by searching.
🔸a girl foraging grass for oxen
🔹food such as grass or hay for horses and cattle; fodder.
علوفه
exotic
🔹originating in or characteristic of a distant foreign country; foreign; alien
🔸exotic birds
🔹attractive or striking because colourful or out of the ordinary; eye-catching; striking
🔸youths with exotic haircuts
🔹(especially of metals or fuels) of a kind not ordinarily encountered; specially produced.
🔸exotic chemicals such as oil hydrocarbons
afar
🔹at or to a distance.
🔸for months he had loved her from afar
in someone’s or something’s wake
🔹used to say what is left behind by someone or something
🔸He went from job to job, leaving a trail of broken promises in his wake.
excavate
🔹make (a hole or channel) by digging;dig out material from (the ground).
🔸the ground was largely excavated by hand
🔹remove earth carefully from (an area) in order to find buried remains.
🔸the site was excavated in 1975
کاویدن- حفر کردن- از خاک دراوردن
damp
🔹slightly wet; moist; humid
🔸her hair was still damp from the shower
damper:
🔹a person or thing that has a subduing or inhibiting effect.
🔸this will be a damper on the liberal agenda for the next couple of years
subsist
🔹maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level; survive
🔸he subsisted on welfare and casual labour
🔹(law)remain in force or effect; continue; last
🔸the court may treat a contract as still subsisting
🔹be attributable to.
🔸the effect of genetic maldevelopment may subsist in chromosomal mutation
sizable
🔹fairly large; substantail; considerable
🔸a sizeable proportion of the population
band
🔹a group of people who have a common interest or purpose or who share a common feature.
🔸a band of eminent British researchers
clan
🔹a close-knit group of interrelated families
🔹a large family.
🔸the Watts clan is one of racing’s oldest families
🔹a group of people with a strong common interest.
🔸New York’s garrulous clan of artists
descent
🔹an act of moving downwards, dropping, or falling
🔸the plane had gone into a steep descent
🔹the origin or background of a person in terms of family or nationality; ancestry; parentage
🔸the settlers were of Cornish descent
🔹a sudden violent attack.
🔸a descent on the Channel ports
botanist
🔹an expert in or student of the scientific study of plants.
🔸a botanist announced he’d bred a new and beautiful variety of orchid
گیاهشناس
vicinity
🔹the area near or surrounding a particular place; proximity in space or relationship; proximity; locality
🔸the abundance and vicinity of country seats
cramped
🔹suffering from cramp.(گرفتگی عضله و ماهیچه)
🔸rest your cramped arms for a moment
🔹uncomfortably small or restricted; confined; constricted
🔸staff had to work in cramped conditions
🔹inhibiting the development of someone or something.
🔸he felt cramped in a large organization
🔹(of handwriting) small and difficult to read.
🔸there is no way a computer will be able to decipher my cramped handwriting
pit
🔹a large hole in the ground.
🔹a coal mine.
🔸the recent protests over planned pit closures
🔹an area at the side of a track where racing cars are serviced and refuelled.
🔸he had a flat tyre when he came into the pits
mound
🔹a rounded mass projecting above a surface.
🔸the bushes were little more than vague mounds beneath the snow
🔹a small hill
🔸he built his castle high upon the mound
🔹a raised mass of earth and stones created for purposes of defence or burial.
🔸the dead were cremated, and then buried at the centre of a great mound
🔹a large pile or quantity of something; pile; accumulation
🔸a mound of dirty crockery
herd
🔹(with reference to a group of people or animals) move in a group.
🔸they were herded into a bus
🔹keep or look after (livestock).
🔸they live by herding reindeer
pulse
🔹the edible seed of a leguminous plant, for example a chickpea, lentil, or bean; cereal; grains
حبوبات- بنشن
close-knit
🔹bound together b strong relationships and common interests
🔸a close-knit community
telltale
🔹revealing, indicating, or betraying something.
🔸the telltale bulge of a concealed weapon
🔹a person, especially a child, who reports others’ wrongdoings or reveals their secrets.
خبرچین
🔹a device or object that automatically gives a visual indication of the state or presence of something.
abrasion
🔹the process of scraping or wearing something away; erosion
🔸the metal is resistant to abrasion
🔹an area damaged by scraping or wearing away.
🔸there were cuts and abrasions to the lips and jaw
tether
🔹tie (an animal) with a rope or chain so as to restrict its movement; tie; bind; fasten
🔸the horse had been tethered to a post
🔹use (a smartphone) in order to connect a computer or other device to the Internet.
🔸check if Wi-Fi access is free in the lobby or tether your phone
testify
🔹give evidence as a witness in a law court; attest
🔸he testified against his own commander
🔹serve as evidence or proof that something exists or is the case; confirm
🔸the bleak lines testify to inner torment
stock
🔹the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a shop or warehouse and available for sale or distribution; commodities; wares;
🔹a supply or quantity of something accumulated or available for future use.
🔸the store has a very low turnover of stock
🔹farm animals such as cattle, pigs, and sheep, bred and kept for their meat or milk; livestock; cattle
🔸all the stock were housed and fed in sheds
🔹the capital raised by a company or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares; asset
🔸between 1982 and 1986 the value of the company’s stock rose by 86%
🔹a person’s ancestry or line of descent.
🔸her mother was of French stock
🔹a breed, variety, or population of an animal or plant.
🔸the vineyards were ploughed up and replanted using different vine stock
🔹the trunk or woody stem of a living tree or shrub, especially one into which a graft (scion) is inserted.
scavenge
🔹search for and collect (anything usable) from discarded waste.
🔸people sell junk scavenged from the garbage
🔹(of an animal) search for (carrion) as food.
🔸the feral cat preferred to scavenge carrion from the forest floor
odds
🔹the probability that one thing is so or will happen rather than another; chance; likelihood
🔸the odds are against it.
🔹a difference in terms of advantage or disadvantage
🔸what’s the odds, if thinking so makes them happy
🔹an amount by which one thing exceeds or falls short of another
🔸won the election by considerable odds
🔹disagreement, usually used with at
🔸faculty and administration often are at odds on everything
spine
🔹ستون فقرات
🔹تیغ یا برامدگی بدن موجودات
🔸spine of cactus
terrestrial
🔹on or relating to the earth; earthly; worldly
🔸increased ultraviolet radiation may disrupt terrestrial ecosystems
immerse
🔹dip or submerge in a liquid; sink
🔸immerse the paper in water for twenty minutes
🔹involve oneself deeply in a particular activity; absorb; engross; involve
🔸she immersed herself in her work
tar
🔹قیر
engulf
🔹(of a natural force) sweep over (something) so as to surround or cover it completely; inundate; immerse
🔸the cafe was engulfed in flames
🔹powerfully affect (someone); overwhelm.
🔸a feeling of anguish so great that it threatened to engulf him
clam
🔹صدف خوراکی- گوشت صدف
ornamentation
🔹decorative elements added to something to enhance its appearance.
🔹the action of decorating something or making it more elaborate.
🔸a baroque chandelier with plasterwork ornamentation
volatile
🔹(of a substance) easily evaporated at normal temperatures; evaporative; vaporous
🔸volatile solvents such as petroleum ether, hexane, and benzene
🔹liable to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse.
🔸the political situation was becoming more volatile
🔹(of a person) liable to display rapid changes of emotion; unpredictable; inconsistent
🔸a passionate, volatile young man
🔹(of a computer’s memory) retaining data only as long as there is a power supply connected.
prospect
🔹the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring; likelihood
🔸there was no prospect of a reconciliation
🔹a person regarded as likely to succeed or as a potential customer, client, etc; candidate
🔸Norwich’s unbeaten heavyweight prospect
🔹an extensive view of landscape; perspective; scene
🔸a viewpoint commanding a magnificent prospect of the estuary
slab
🔹a large, thick, flat piece of stone or concrete, typically square or rectangular in shape.
تخته سنگ
🔹a large, thick slice or piece of cake, bread, chocolate, etc.
🔸a slab of bread and cheese
ooze
🔹(of a fluid) slowly trickle or seep out of something; seep; flow; exude
🔸blood was oozing from a wound in his scalp
🔹give a powerful impression of (a quality); emit
🔸she oozes a raunchy sex appeal
lethal
🔹sufficient to cause death; deadly; fatal; mortal; very harmful or destructive.
🔸the Krakatoa eruption was the most lethal on record
🔹(in a sporting context) very accurate or skilful.
🔸a lethal drop-shot
superbly
🔹very well; excellently.
🔸the team played superbly
🔹in an impressively splendid manner.
🔸the tomb is superbly ornamented with fine tracery
iridescent
🔹showing luminous colours that seem to change when seen from different angles; shimmering
رنگین کمانی
🔸the drake’s head has an iridescent purple sheen
intact
🔹not damaged or impaired in any way; complete; whole; entire; unbroken
🔸the church was almost in ruins but its tower remained intact
uncharted
🔹(of an area of land or sea) not mapped or surveyed; untraveled; unexplored; undiscovered
🔸the plane landed on a previously uncharted islet
mouthful
(n.)
🔹a quantity of food or drink that fills or can be put in the mouth; bite
🔸he took a mouthful of beer
🔹a long or complicated word or phrase that is difficult to say.
🔸poliomyelitis is a bit of a mouthful
🔸It is a mouthful I suppose
eligible
🔹having the right to do or obtain something; satisfying the appropriate conditions; qualified; acceptable; allowed; suitable
🔸customers who are eligible for discounts
grant
🔹agree to give or allow (something requested) to; permit;
🔸they were granted a meeting
🔹give (a right, power, property, etc.) formally or legally to.
🔹agree or admit to (someone) that (something) is true; accept; admit
🔸he hasn’t made much progress, I’ll grant you that
🔹a sum of money given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose; endowment; donation
🔸a research grant
