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NSB > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What sulcus separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?

A

the longitudinal fissure

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2
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes? How does it run?

A
  • the central sulcus
  • left to right (looking down superiorly)
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3
Q

What sulcus lies anterior to the central sulcus?

A
  • pre-central sulcus
  • lies in the frontal lobe
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4
Q

What sulcus lies posterior to the central sulcus?

A
  • post-central sulcus
  • lies in the parietal lobe
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5
Q

What sulcus separates our temporal lobe from our parietal lobe?

A
  • lateral fissure
  • lateral aspect of the head
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6
Q

What sulcus separates the cerebellum and the temporal lobe?

A

the transverse fissure

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7
Q

The cingulate sulcus:
- located where
- separates

A
  • medial view, just above the corpus
    callosum, above cingulate gyrus
  • separates the limbic system and the
    cerebral system
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8
Q

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A
  • parieto-occipital sulcus
  • more posterior on the brain, like
    where the occipital lobe is located
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9
Q

What sulcus divides our visual cortex?

A
  • calcarine sulcus
  • posterior of the brain (in the occipital
    lobe)
  • much lower, closer to the cerebellum
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10
Q

Lobes of Brain:

A
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11
Q

Major Sulci:

A
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12
Q

Major Sulci: Medial View:

A
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13
Q

What gyrus lies between the pre-central sulcus and the central sulcus?

A

the pre-central gyrus

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14
Q

Pre-central Gyrus: Function:

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex (voluntary)
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15
Q

What gyrus is located between the central sulcus and the post-central sulcus?

A

the post-central gyrus

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16
Q

Post-central Gyrus: Function:

A
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex
    (most sensory processing)
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17
Q

What gyrus is found on the temporal lobe just below the lateral fissure?

A

the superior temporal gyrus

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18
Q

Superior Temporal Gyrus: Function:

A
  • reception and processing of sound
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19
Q

What gyrus lies between the corpus callosum and the cingulate sulcus?

A

the cingulate gyrus

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20
Q

Cingulate Gyrus: Function:

A
  • part of the limbic system
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21
Q

Para-hippocampal Gyri:
- location
- function

A
  • medial temporal lobes, close to
    midbrain
  • part of the limbic systems
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22
Q

Name two gyri that are part of the limbic system.

A
  • cingulate gyrus
  • para-hippocampal gyri
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23
Q

Uncus:
- location
- function

A
  • anterior part of parahippocampal
    gyri, looks like a hook, close to
    midbrain, medial temporal lobes
  • role in olfaction, emotion and
    memory
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24
Q

Major gyri:

A
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25
Q

Medial View: Gyri:

A

under the tooth like structure is parahippocampal gyri

tooth like structure is the optic chiasm

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26
Q

Inferior view of the brain: Label the gyri:

A

insert diagram
look up? check complete anatomy

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27
Q

Organisation of the brain:

A
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28
Q

Functional Cortical Areas:

A
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29
Q

Broca’s Area:
- location
- function
- lesion would cause

A
  • unilateral (left hemisphere if right
    handed person), anterior brain,
    frontal lobe, circular
  • language production
  • expressive dysphasia; cant produce
    full language needed, can’t produce
    sentence
  • not fluent
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30
Q

Wernicke’s Area Function:
- location
- function
- lesion would cause

A
  • unilateral (left hemisphere if right
    handed person), posterior brain,
    parietal/temporal lobes, circular
  • language comprehension
  • receptive dysphasia; can produce
    sentence but will not make sense
  • fluent
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31
Q

Which cortical areas are found on both hemispheres of the brain?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • process info from and send info to
    the opposite side eg the info from
    the right side of the body crosses
    over to the left hemisphere
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32
Q

Somatotopic Organisation Definition:

A

within the functional areas, different parts of the body are mapped to specific areas of the cortex

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33
Q

Somatotopic Organisation: Homuncules:

A

little man sitting with feet in the lateral fissure and rest of the body flung around

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34
Q

Somatotopic Organisation:

A
35
Q

Our language centre’s are unilateral.

A
  • only located on one side of the brain
    (broca and wernicke’s)
  • generally left hemisphere of brain as
    most people are right handed
    (crosses over)
36
Q

Classes of White Matter Tracts in the Brain (3):

A
  • Projection Fibers
  • Association Fibers
  • Commissural Fibers
37
Q

Projection Fibers (3):

A
  • connect groups of neurons within
    the CNS
  • travels up the spinal cord, connects
    to a nucli in the brain and then
    projects to area required
38
Q

Association Fibers:

A
  • connect different parts of the
    cerebral cortex
39
Q

Commissural Fibers:

A
  • connect EQUIVALENT areas of the
    two sides of the brain
40
Q

General Classes of Tracts in the Brain:

A
41
Q

Internal Capsule:

  • Label
  • Type of Fiber
  • Function
A
  • projection fiber
  • two-way tract for the transmission of
    information to and from the cerebral
    cortex.
  • Long part of axon of neuron
42
Q

Fornix:

  • Label
  • Type of Fiber
  • Function
A
  • Projection Fiber
  • connects the mammillary bodies
    with the hippocampi; connecting the frontal and temporal parts of the limbic system
43
Q

Corpus Callosum:

  • Label
  • Type of Fiber
  • Function
A
  • Commissural Fiber
  • connects the right and left
    hemispheres and functionally related
    structures
44
Q

What view of the brain is shown below? What is labelled below?

A

Corpus calluses
Transverse view

45
Q

What view of the brain is shown below? What is shown below?

A

Coronal view

46
Q

Corpus Callosum: Transverse View: Label the Genu and Splenium:

A

genu is anterior inner curve
splenium is posterior curve
body isn’t visible as it the cut is too low

47
Q

What are the two types of association fibers?

A
  • long fibers; spanning the entire
    length on one side of the brain
  • short fibers loop between the
    cortical areas
48
Q

Association Fiber Types

A
49
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

collections of cell bodies (grey matter) deep within each hemisphere involved in movement

50
Q

Basal Ganglia Functions:

A
  • process information related to
    emotions, motivation and cognition
  • Regulate movement:
    - initiation of movement
    - switching between motor
    programs
    - inhibit antagonistic and
    unnecessary movements
    - regulate force of movement
51
Q

Neural Components of Basal Ganglia: State:

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
52
Q

Caudate Nucleus:

A
  • neural component of basal ganglia
  • c-shaped nuclei located in the frontal
    lobe
  • head region curves and extends to
    form elongated body tapering at tail
    and ending at the temporal lobe
53
Q

What is shown below?

A
54
Q

Putamen:

A
  • neural component of basal ganglia
  • large rounded nuclei in forebrain
  • connected to caudate nucleus at
    head region of the caudate
  • quite lateral coronally
  • sits within the insular lobe
55
Q

What is labelled below?

A

the putamen

56
Q

Globus Pallidus:

A
  • neural component of basal ganglia
  • externus: relays info between other
    basal ganglia nuclei and the internal
    globus pallidus
  • internal: sends output to the
    thalamus
  • just medial to putamen
  • difference in colour to putamen
57
Q

What is shown below?

A
58
Q

What neural components of the basal ganglia make up the Striatum?

A

Caudate Nucleus + Putamen

59
Q

What neural components of the basal ganglia make up the Lentiform Nucleus?

A

Putamen + Globus Pallidus

60
Q

What neural components of the basal ganglia make up the Corpus Striatum?

A

Caudate Nucleus + Lentiform Nucleus
(Caudate Nucleus + Putamen + Globus Pallidus)

61
Q

The internal capsule is (projection fiber) a white matter structure separating which neural components of the basal ganglia?

A

Lentiform Nucleus and Caudate Nucleus from the thalamus (carries info past the basal ganglia)

62
Q

Neural Components of Basal Ganglia:

A
63
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain:

A
  • anterior and posterior circulation co-
    exist and anastomose via the Circle
    of Willis
  • anterior circulation = two internal
    carotid arteries (from the middle
    cerebral and anterior cerebral
    arteries)
  • posterior circulation = two vertebral
    arteries (from the subclavian
    arteries), which form the basilar
    artery which branches into the
    posterior cerebral arteries
64
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain:

A
65
Q

Posterior View of the Circle of Willis:

A
66
Q

Circle of Willis:

A
67
Q

When looking at the caudate nucleus in coronal section will always be

A

lateral to the lateral ventricles

68
Q

Circle of Willis:

A
69
Q

Cerebellar Blood Supply:

A
70
Q

Cortical Distribution of the

A

middle cerebral artery

71
Q

Cortical distribution of

A

the posterior cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery

72
Q

The arterial supply to the basal ganglia comes mainly from the

A

middle cerebral artery; a continuation of the internal carotid artery

the main blood supply is via the lenticulostriate arteries

  • The arterial supply to the basal ganglia mainly comes from the 4 lenticulostriate arteries on either side, which arise from the middle cerebral artery which is a continuation of the internal carotid artery which is a bifurcation of the common carotid artery which is a branch of the arch of the aorta on the left and a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right
73
Q

Blood supply to Basal Ganglia:

A
74
Q

Which artery is affected?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery = more lateral
anterior cerebral would be more midline

75
Q

Angiogram: Anterior Circulation:

A
  • normal circumstance anterior and
    posterior communicating arteries are
    closed
  • classic circle of willis seen in 34.5%
  • common variations are:
    - one small posterior
    communicating and one large
    - anterior communicating large
76
Q

Angiogram: Posterior Circulation:

A
77
Q

Posterior circulation

A

insert diagram

78
Q

If you lose circulation in the anterior cerebral artery,

A

because it supplies the internal surface of the brain, you will lose motor and sensory information in your lower limb

79
Q

If you lose circulation in the middle cerebral artery,

A

loss of motor and sensory information to upper body

  • If you lose circulation in the middle cerebral artery you lose motor and sensory supply in the upper limbs because it supplies the part of the brain hence where the arms of homunculus lie in the lateral fissure
80
Q

Identify the labelled structure.

A

Middle Cerebral Artery
running between temporal lobe and rest of the brain.

81
Q

What type of deficit would a patient experience if there was an injury to the highlighted area?

A

Receptive dysphasia (Wernicke’s Area)

82
Q

What type of white matter fibres/tract is the corpus callosum?
- projection fibers
- association fibers
- commissural fibers

A

commissural fibers

83
Q

Identify the labelled structure.

A

Putamen

NSB (50 decks)

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