Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSB > Neural Tissues > Flashcards

Neural Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain:
- dorsal
- ventral
- rostral
- caudal

A
  • up
  • back
  • front
  • downward toward spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reticular theory vs Neuronal Doctrine:

A

everything in the nervous systems is a single continuous network vs nervous system is made up of a discrete, individual cells which are mutually dependent upon one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Brodmann Areas of the Cortex:

A
  • 52 regions of the cortex (starting at 1)
  • ***determined by histological architecture and each area has a particular set of inputs and outputs
  • generally has a distinct functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the basic cellular unit of the CNS?

A

Neruons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CNS Neuron structure:

A

nucleus within the cell body and extends one or more processes separate electrically active cells that communicate across a synapse without glia?

Each neuron is a separate entity with a limiting cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuron

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Morphology (shape and size) is linked to

A

the function undertaken by neuron subtype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Multipolar neuron description, types and locations:

A
  • single axon extending from one end of the soma and several dendrites branching from the other side
  • both motor and interneurons
  • most predominant in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bipolar neuron description, types and locations:

A
  • single axon from one end of an oval soma and a lone dendritic tree extending from the other end
  • only associated with afferent impulses to the brain
  • found in vestibulocochlear, olfactory and ocular systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Unipolar neuron description and location:

A
  • single axon projection from one end of a spherical soma and no dendritic branches
  • generally found in the PNS and sensory ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pseudo-unipolar description, locations, functions:

A
  • soma found in dorsal root ganglia and has one single process that serves the roles of the axon and dendrite
  • the process bifurcates close to the cell body and the central/axonic branch travels from the soma to the spinal cord, which the peripheral/dendritic branch travels from the periphery to the cell body
  • associated with movement and joint position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuron Morphology:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dendrites:
- are
- function

A
  • branched protoplasmic extensions with a primary role to propagate the electrochemical input from other cells to the soma
  • branching processes which receive incoming signals (action potentials) from other neurons via dendritic spines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Soma:
- is
- function
- axon hillock

A
  • contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, metabolic activity, ATP generation and protein synthesis. Prodces NT’s, subsequently stored in synaptic vessels
  • cell functions
  • axon hillock is a specialised part of the cell body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Axon Hillock:

A
  • specialised part of cell body, at the interface between the soma and the axon
  • section of the soma that has clusters of microtubules and ribosomes, very few Nissil bodies
  • known as the trigger zone due to the density of voltage gated Na+ channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Axon:
- can be —- or —–

A
  • myelinated (>1 micrometer diameter) (120m/s)
  • unmyelinated (<1micrometer diameter) (<1.5m/s)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Saltatory Conduction:

A

The transmission of an electrical impulse along the axon from node to node making the impulse speed faster; rate of conduction increases with diameter. Large axons are typically more heavily myelinated than smaller axons, consequently transmitting impulses faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basic Types of Neurons (3):

A
  • sensory (afferent -> inward): send info from the sensory receptors, through nerves into the CNS
  • motor (efferent -> outward): carry messages from CNS, through nerves, to operate muscles and glands
  • interneurons: carry messages from one set of neurons to another. They can bring info from different sources together into one location in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurons have three divisions:

A

nuclei, laminae, ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Three Divisions of Neurons: Nuclei:

A
  • in the CNS
  • neurons located in clusters (clusters = nuclei)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Three Divisions of Neurons: Laminae:

A
  • in the CNs
  • neurons are located in layers (laminae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Three Divisions of neurons: Ganglia:

A

in the PNS

23
Q

Partnerships in the brain: Neurons are the functional unit of the brain, but

A

do not exist in isolation and rely upon neuron-glial interactions

24
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS:

A

Neuroglia = glia = glial cells

These are non-neuronal cells responsible for supporting the neurons and providing a suitable environment in which the neurons can function

provide a homeostatic environment for the neurons to function

Three main types: astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, microglia

25
Q

Oligodendrocytes:
- found where?
-
- function

  • allows development of

Without oligodendrocytes, effect

A
  • found only in the CNS
  • each cell myelinates multiple axons (found between axons)
  • function: produce and maintain myelin sheath to create white matter

Allows development of the computing power of the vertebrate brain because:
- great increase in nerve conduction velocity
- profound decrease in the size of the nerves

Without myelination each human optic nerve would have a diameter of 0.75nm

26
Q

Relationship between oligodendrocytes and axon

A
  • complimentary relationship
  • axonal development is dependent on oligodendrocytes and olidgodendrocyte development is dependent on axons
  • therefore oligodendrocytes and axons are interdependent functional units
27
Q

Loss of myelin affect on axon

A
  • leads to axon dysfunction
  • axon degeneration leads to loss of oligodendrocytes
28
Q

Microglia:
- are a network of
- status
- found and pattern distributions

  • functions (3)
  • core functions (2)
A
  • microglia are a network of delicately ramified (resting) cells, activated by pathogens
  • resident immune cells
  • transform from quiescent (resting?) to activated status
  • distributed in regular mosaic patterns throughout the CNS
  • phagocytic, immune cells that promote repair
  • core functions are: apoptotic clearance, selective killers as well ‘dustmen’
29
Q

Microglia:
- when do they appear?
- what are they called when they appear?
- when do microglia mature?
- how do microglia mature?

A
  • appear in great numbers shortly before birth
  • known as amoeboid (active) microglia
  • mature at birth when the blood brain barrier form, hence more ramified
  • when macrophage functional antigens are downregulated and microglia assume ramified (resting) process-bearing morphology
30
Q

Overview of astrocyte functions (6):

A
  • providing structural support
  • supply nutrients (glucose)
  • maintain ionic environment (remove K+)
  • neurotransmitter uptake
  • repair of the nervous system
  • form protective barrier around the vessels (the blood brain barrier)

SGKNRBBB

31
Q

Astrocyte functions: Developmental:

A
  • regulation of neuro and gliogenesis (astroglia are stem elements of the CNS)
  • neuronal pathfinding
  • regulation of synaptogenesis (development of synapses between neurones)
32
Q

Astrocyte functions: structural:

A
  • astroglia form the scaffold of the nervous system, thus defining the functional architecture of the brain and spinal cord
  • astrocytes form a continuous synncytium and integrate other neural cells into this syncytium
33
Q

Astrocyte function: formation and regulation of the blood-brain barrier:

A
  • formation of the glial-vascular interface
  • regulation of cerebral microcirculation
34
Q

Astrocytes are morphologically stellate (star-like) cells distributed throughout the CNS.

True or False?

A

False
Classically stellate shops
Morphologically diverse

35
Q

Astrocytes: Broadest Classification:

A

Divided into two susbtypes:

  • Fibrous astrocytes are located in white matter
  • Protoplasmic astrocytes are located in grey matter
36
Q

Involvement of astrocytes with shuttle systems:

A
  • Glutamate-glutamine shuttle
  • 80% glutamate is released at the synapse is taken up by astrocytes, some may be recyles into pre-synaptic neuron or might sit in synaptic gap for a long time
  • if in the gap, the astrocyte has receptors to take up glutamine
  • astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine
  • release glutamine
  • taken up by the pre-synaptic terminal
  • converted back to glutamate

purpose: to ensure no wastage of valuable neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap

37
Q

What are astrocytes connected by?

A

gap junctions
can transport Ca2+

?????

38
Q

CNS: Ependymal Cells:

A
  • Line brain’s ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
  • function:
    • fluid homeostasis due to direct
      contact with CSF and transport of
      electrolytes/solutes between CSF
      and brain parenchyma
    • contribute to the formation of CSF
      as well as assisting in CSF motility
      via cilia movement
39
Q
A
40
Q

Blood Brain Barrier:
- is
- advantage
- contains what cells

A
  • highly selective permeable barrier
    evolved to determine which
    substances enter the brain
  • offers immune privileged status to
    the CNS
  • consists of astrocytes, pericytes and
    blood endothelial cells bound tightly
    (neurovascular units)
41
Q

Effect of ageing on the blood brain barrier:

A

increased permeability with ageing (<500 Daltons in YA to >500 Daltons in old adulthood)

BBB dysregulation evidenced in Alzheimer’s disease and delirium; and further neurodegenerative disorders; might be due to the natural decline and increased impermeability of the BBB

42
Q

Schwann Cells:
- are
- function
- importance
- relation to axons

A
  • schwann cells are the neuroglia of the
    PNS
  • myelinate axons in a spiral wrapping
  • important for regeneration; provide
    substrate for axon to grow along
  • one schwann cell myelinates one
    axon
43
Q

Schwann cell:

A
44
Q

Oligodendrocyte:

A
45
Q

Satellite Glial Cells:
- location
- morphology
- function (2)

A
  • located exclusively in the PNS ganglia;
    sensory, parasymp and symp ganglia
  • Satellite Glial Cells have a distinctive
    morphology; wrap around neuronal
    cell bodies forming a complete
    envelope (mostly)
  • function: unclear, support of
    neurons, supply nutrients and
    regulate the exchange of materials
    between neurons and interstitial fluid; similar to BBB
  • perform an analogous role in PNS to
    what astrocytes do in the CNS
46
Q

Satellite Glial Cells:

A
47
Q

Glial Cells Classification Recap:

A
48
Q

How do glia differ from neurons (3)?

A

neurons (adult) are post-mitotic

49
Q

Glioma (glial pathology):
- pathology
- location

A
  • largest group of primary tumors
    derived from glial cells because most common cell
  • usually highly malignant with rapid
    growth
  • usually inside cranium, referred to as
    intra-axial tumors
  • intra-axial denotes lesions located
    within the brain parenchyma
50
Q

Neuroblastoma (neural pathology):
- common or rare?
- which ages
- location of pathology
- survival rates
- initial prognosis
- side effects

A
  • rare type of tumour
  • most common in children and infants
  • located outside the cranium (adrenal
    glands, abdo, thoracic cavity, neck,
    spine
  • survival rates vary
  • initial prognosis is typically good
  • survivors often develop neurological
    problems 30 yrs later
51
Q

Neuron-glial interactions are dynamic than previously considered;

A

glial cells respond to and release neurotransmitters

52
Q

Neural cells are post-mitotic;

A

leading to a potential cascade of irreplaceable neuronal loss

53
Q

What does myelin mostly consist of?

A
  • MBP: Myelin Basic Protein
  • Proteolipid Protein

NSB (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions