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NSB > Describing the Brain > Flashcards

Describing the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Which embryological layer mainly forms the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Neurulation is

A

the process through which the nervous system forms (mainly from the ectoderm layer)

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3
Q

Neuralation Steps:

A
  • formation of the neural tube
  • forms from ectoderm layer
  • neuroectoderm cells receive
    inductive signals from the notochord
  • causes neuroectoderm cells to
    thicken forming the neural plate
  • the lateral neural plate margins fold
    inwards to form the neural tube
  • neural crest cells develop along the
    length of the neural folds
  • just below the neural fold is the
    notochord
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4
Q

Neurulation

A
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5
Q

Neural Tube:

A
  • meeting of two neural crests
  • cranial end gives rise to brain
  • most of its length gives rise to the
    spinal cord
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6
Q

Anencephaly:

A
  • failure of the anterior neuropore to
    close (cranial end)
  • fatal
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6
Q

Spina bifida:

A
  • failure of the posterior neural tube
    to close
  • divided by a cleft
  • leads to an open vertebral canal
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6
Q

Spina bifida occulta:

A
  • hidden, vertebral arch defect only
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7
Q

Spina bifida cystica:

A

meninges projects out

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7
Q

Neural Tube:

A
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8
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles:

A
  • vesicle = fluid filled space
  • bulges within the neural tube
  • 3 brain vesicles lead to the
    developments of the main brain
    areas
  • prosencephalon (forebrain),
    mesencephalon (midbrain).
    rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
  • 3-4 week embryo
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9
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles:

A
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10
Q

Secondary Brain Vescicles:

A
  • three primary brain vesicles develop
    into five secondary vesicles
  • prosencephalon leads to
    telencephalon and diencephalon
  • mesencephalon stays the same
  • rhombencephalon leads to
    metencephalon and myelencephalon
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11
Q

Secondary Brain Vesicles:

A
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12
Q

Adult Brain:

A
  • the brain is divided into forebrain,
    midbrain and hindbrain
  • and the structures from which these
    have been developmentally derived
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13
Q

Adult Brain: Forebrain(3):

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
    (telencephalon)
  • Thalamus (diencephalon)
  • Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
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14
Q

Adult Brain: Forebrain:

A

hypothalamus (triangle)

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15
Q

Adult Brain: Midbrain:

A
  • midbrain (mesencephalon) (just below thalamus)
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16
Q

Adult Brain: Midbrain:

A
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17
Q

Adult Brain(3): Hindbrain:

A
  • cerebellum (metencephalon)
  • pons (metencephalon)
  • medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
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18
Q

Adult Brain: Hindbrain:

A
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19
Q

Cerebrum/Cerebral Hemispheres:

A
  • derived from telencephalon
  • largest component of the brain
  • divided into right and left
    hemispheres
  • comprises of the cerebral
    hemispheres, components of the
    limbic system and the basal ganglia
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20
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres:

A

superior view and mid-sagittal view

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21
Q

The forebrain or cerebral cortex is divided by anatomical landmarks into lobes.

What are gyri and sulci?

A

gyri = projections on the brain
sulci = depressions on the brain

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22
Q

Forebrain: Lobes:

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insula
  • limbic?
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23
Q

Forebrain: Frontal Lobe:
- location (3)
- functions (3)

A
  • posterior to frontal bone
  • anterior to the parietal lobe;
    separated by the central sulcus
  • anteriorsuperior to the temporal
    lobe; separated by the lateral sulcus
  • primary motor cortex
  • executive functions (attention)
  • ability to think and consider
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24
Q

Forebrain: Temporal Lobe:
- location (2)
- functions (3)

A
  • medial to the temporal bone
  • inferioposterior to the frontal lobe;
    separated by the lateral sulcus
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary olfactory cortex
  • implicated in learning and memory
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25
Q

Forebrain: Parietal Lobe:
- location (3)
- function (1)

A
  • medial to the parietal bones
  • superior to the occipital lobe;
    separated by the parietooccipital
    sulcus
  • posterior to the frontal lobe;
    separated by the central sulcus
  • primary somatosensory cortex (pain,
    touch and proprioception (stimuli
    produced and perceived within an
    organism))
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26
Q

Forebrain: Occipital Lobe:
- location
- function (1)

A
  • anterior to the occipital bone
  • posterior to the parietal lobe;
    separated by the parietoocipital
    sulcus
  • posterior to the temporal lobe
  • primary visual cortex
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27
Q

Forebrain: Lobes:

Label the lateral view of the right hemisphere

A
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28
Q

Forebrain: Lobes:

Label the medial view of the left hemisphere

A
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29
Q

Forebrain: Insular Lobe:
- location (2)
- function (2)

A
  • deep within the lateral sulcus
  • where temporal, parietal and frontal
    lobes meet
  • involved in desire, craving, addiction
  • neuropsychiatric disorders
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30
Q

Forebrain: Lobes:

What lobe is shown below?

A

insula lobe

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31
Q

What fissure must be opened up to access the insular lobe?

A

the lateral fissure

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32
Q

Where is the lateral fissure located?

A

Between the parietal,frontal and temporal lobes

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33
Q

White Matter:
- colour due to
- composed of
- location
- function
- function
- function

  • %
A
  • pale due to lipid components
  • composed of long myelinated axons
  • found in cortex and surface of spinal
    cord
  • transmits both sensory and motor
    impulses between the PNS and grey
    matter
  • controls involuntary functions of
    body such as BP
  • communication between different
    grey areas and grey and rest of body
  • makes up 60% of the brain
34
Q

Grey Matter:

A
  • pinkish-grey due to neuronal cell
    bodies and capillary vessels
  • composed of cell bodies, axon
    terminals and dendrites
  • found on the surface of the brain
    and inside the spinal cord
  • processes the retrieved informatio
    from white matter and sends
    instructions through white matter to
    effector organs
  • controls senses of the body
  • 40%
35
Q

Grey matter is mainly made up of ——, whereas white matter is mainly made up of ——-

A

cell bodies whereas white matter is made up of myelinated axons

36
Q

Coronal section of the brain:

A
  • **thalamus = deep in brain = grey
    matter = nuclei
37
Q

Corpus Callosum:

A
  • white matter tract linking cerebral
    hemispheres
  • divided into three: genu, body,
    splenium
  • genu = latin = flexure/bend
  • splenoid = latin = pad (thick)
38
Q

What is shown here? Which view?

A
  • corpus callosum
  • midsagittal view
39
Q

What is shown here? Which view?

A
  • corpus callosum
  • coronal view
40
Q

What is shown here? Which view?

A
  • corpus callosum
  • midsagittal view
41
Q

What is shown here? Which view?

A
  • corpus callosum
  • coronal view
42
Q

Deep Brain Structures:

A
  • multitude of brain nuclei and white
    matter tracts running through them
43
Q

Basal Ganglia:

A
  • deep brain structure
  • heavily involved in the control of
    posture and voluntary movement
44
Q

Limbic System:
- spans
- corpus collosum
- structures (4)
- functions

A
  • spans the telencephalon and
    diencephalon
  • the corpus collosum is not involved
  • cingulate cortex lies just superior to
    corpus collosum
  • fornix = white matter tract = sits on
    the floor of the lateral ventricles =
    relay center
  • thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary
    bodies

(above is part of frontal lobe)

  • in the temporal lobe; hippocampus
    and amygdala
  • involved in memories, behavioral
    and emotional responses
45
Q

Label the fornix on the diagram below.

A
  • base of ventricles, two round white
    matter tracts
46
Q

Hippocampus function:

A

involved in long term memory formation

47
Q

Amygdala function:

A

involved in stress and fear response

48
Q

Limbic System:

A
49
Q

Diencephalon:
- comprises of

A
  • thalamus, hypothalamus,
    subthalamus, epithalamus,
    mamillary bodies
50
Q

Diencephalon:

A

note corpus callosum and fornix are not part of the diencephalon but used for orientation

51
Q

All sensory input must pass the

A

thalamus from where it will be passed to other areas

52
Q

Thalamus: Major Relay Centre:

A
53
Q

Thalamus:
- is
- connections
- functions

A
  • paired grey matter structure,
    interconnected between left and
    right, connected with other
    diencephalon structures
  • involved with voluntary movement,
    personality and consciousness
54
Q

Thalamus: Label:

A

lies lateral on either side of the third ventricle (which lies inferior to the lateral ventricles which lies under the corpus callosum)

55
Q

Thalamus: Label:

A

lies lateral on either side of the third ventricle (which lies inferior to the lateral ventricles which lies under the corpus callosum)

56
Q

Hypothalamus:
- location (2)
- function (2)

A
  • lies inferior to the thalamus, superior
    to pituitary
  • heavily involved in homeostatic
    control
  • receives inputs from the limbic
    system
57
Q
A
58
Q

Brainstem:
- derived from the
- function (4)
- grey or white matter?

A
  • mesencephalon and
    rhombencephalon
  • connects the cortex to the spinal
    cord
  • vital respiratory and cardiovascular
    centres
  • vomiting centre
  • nuclei involved with motor control,
    sleep
  • white matter tracts
59
Q

Highlighted blue region is

A

the brainstem

60
Q

Cerebellum:
- derived from
- functions (4)

A
  • metencephalon(rhombencephalon)
  • motor control
  • control of posture
  • co-ordinating and planning limb
    movements
  • control of eye movements
61
Q

Cerebellum relation to brainstem is

A

cerebellum is posterior to the brainstem

62
Q

what is highlighted?

A

cerebellum

63
Q

What view of brainstem?

A

Anterior/ventral view of brainstem

64
Q

What view of the brainstem?

A

Posterolateral view of brainstem

65
Q

medulla oblongata continues as the

A

spinal cord (myelencephalon)

66
Q

Cerebral Peduncles are

A

white matter tracts connecting pons with diencephalon

67
Q

Midbrain: External Features:

A

4 large bulges posteriorly = colliculus

68
Q

Midbrain: Internal Features:

A

(sliced high up on midbrain)
- cerebral peduncles = connects
brainstem to thalamus
- substantia nigra = darker area =
basal gangli = dopamine release
- red nucleus = motor coordiantion
between cortex and cerebellum

69
Q

Pons:

A

include cerebellar peduncles

70
Q

The pons is continuous with the cerebellum and sits below the cerebellum.

True or False?

A

False
continuous and sits at the same level

71
Q

Pons function

A

relays information to the cerebellum

72
Q

What structures connect the cerebellum and the pons

A
  • 3 cerebellar peduncles: superior,
    middle and inferior
  • transverse fibers
  • connections between the
    cerebellum and pons
73
Q

Which is the largest cerebellar peduncle?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

74
Q

Medulla Oblongata:
- is
- function

A
  • lowest aspect of the brainstem
  • contains nuclei that are important in
    controlling respiration and the
    cardiovascular system
75
Q

Medulla Oblongata:

A

decussation is where the fibres cross over (right to left)

76
Q

Cerebellum:
- location
- location of white and gray matter
- hemispheres
- lobes
- contains

A
  • posterior to brainstem
  • outer gray matter
  • underlying white matter
  • two hemispheres
  • three lobes
  • contains nuclei
77
Q

Cerebellum Functions:

A
  • motor control
  • posture
  • coordinating and planning limb
    movements
  • control of eye movements
78
Q

Cerebellum

A

insert diagram

79
Q

Cerebellum:

A

insert MRI

80
Q

What connects the cerebellar lobes?

A

vermis

81
Q

Sagittal view cerebelllum

A

insert picture

82
Q

What is the marked area?

A

Parietal lobe

83
Q

What is the marked area?

A

Corpus Callosum

84
Q

Embryologically, which part of the brain is the pons derived from?

  • telencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • metencephalon
A

metencephalon

85
Q

What is the marked area?

A

Midbrain

86
Q

Identify the labelled structure.

A

Vermis

NSB (50 decks)

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