Basic Principles of Memory Flashcards
Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence:
Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason, consider and think flexibly. Can assist in resolving newly encountered problems.
Crystallized intelligenc e refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, skills that are acquired throughout life. Can assist in using previously acquired knowledge to resolve problems rapidly or to avoid them.
Memory is not a unitary construct.
True or False?
True
Explicit/Declarative Memory:
- semantic, episodic = facts
Implicit Memory:
procedural/priming
Multistore Model of Memory:
- three unitary and separate memory
stores: sensory, short-term, long-
term - information transferred between
these in a linear sequence
What is attention?
set of operations that enable the
individual to detect, recognise and
identify relevant stimuli
Sustained Attention:
the ability to focus on the stimulus over a period of time
Selective Attention:
the ability to focus on the stimulus whilst ignoring the rest of the sensory input (as well as internally generated content)
For progression from sensory memory to short-term memory, what is required?
Attention
What is required for progression from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Elaborate Rehearsal and Encoding
For retrieval of a memory encoded in the long term memory?
must be retrieved into short-term memory
Sensory Memory:
- sensations persist after the stimulus
has disappeared - subject to very rapid decay
- contains stores for iconic and echoic
sensory information
What is the capacity of the iconic and echoic stores in the sensory memory?
if the delay is >1sec, the recall drop to under 50%
Multistore Model of Memory:
The short-term memory store is a “———”
workspace to solve problems
Working Memory Model:
slave systems are just processing (phonological and visuospatial) and episodic buffer
visuospatial = parietal and occipital lobes
episodic buffer = regulator between phono and visuospatial
master systems are central executive
Long-term Memory Store:
- information that is salient
- encoded information
- unlimited capacity
- lifetime’s duration
Orthographic (written) instructions and phonological instructions are transferred to the —— —- and rehearsed there to maintain them.
Knowledge of what a circle looks like is retrieved from long-term memory and stored in the ——— ——- and rehearsed.
Knowledge of how to move the shapes is made available by the ——- —— ——–.
Partial combinations and arrangements are placed on the —————–.
Orthographic [written] and phonological [spoken] forms of the shapes are transferred to the phonological loop and rehearsed there to maintain them.
Knowledge of what a circle, etc., looks like is retrieved from long term memory and stored in the visuospatial sketchpad, and rehearsed.
Knowledge of how to move shapes is made available [due to executive control system].
Partial combinations and arrangements are placed on the visuospatial sketchpad.
How does the phonological loop work?
- acts like a tape recorder for a limited
period of time - the contents are actively refreshed
by an ***articulatory process = sub-
vocal speech - disruption of this articulatory
process results in poor retention in
the phonological loop
The Visuospatial Sketchpad:
- necessary for holding online a
sequence of visually guided actions - also necessary for seeing in the
mind’s eye - our position in relation to the objects
in the environment
Other components of the Working Memory Model:
Why is working memory important?
Working memory capacity is correlated with learning outcomes in literacy, numeracy and reading comprehension.
A longitudinal study showed that a child’s working memory at 5 years old is a better predictor of academic success than IQ (capacity of 7 elements plus minus two).
Working memory impairments are associated with low learning outcomes.
Memory problems aren’t always memory problems.
Emotions: Memory and Learning:
- active process
- best learning occurs when there is
optimal arousal few distractions;
related to attention - at a low arousal level; we take in less
detail but have a broad focus - at a higher arousal level; we take in
more detail but with a narrow range - negative emotions narrow the range
of attention; which implications for
patient/practitioner communication
Flashbub Memories:
- triggered by surprise and
consequentiality - including surprising, impactful and
sometimes traumatic events - can be vivid and there is high
perceived confidence in accuracy
Why are flashbub memories relevant in medical contexts?
patients may receive surprising diagnoses
practitioners might be put in surprising
Implications for Concordance:
- giving information
- patients immediately forgot around
50% of what they are told by their
doctor
info provided to pts may not be remembered if:
- if its not attended to
- if it is not understood
- too much info given
- if it is not encoded through
repetition, rehearsal or sufficient
processing
