Basic Principles of Memory

Question 1

Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence:

Answer 1

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason, consider and think flexibly. Can assist in resolving newly encountered problems.

Crystallized intelligenc e refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, skills that are acquired throughout life. Can assist in using previously acquired knowledge to resolve problems rapidly or to avoid them.

Question 2

Memory is not a unitary construct.

True or False?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Explicit/Declarative Memory:

Answer 3

• semantic, episodic = facts

Question 4

Implicit Memory:

Answer 4

procedural/priming

Question 5

Multistore Model of Memory:

Answer 5

• three unitary and separate memory
  stores: sensory, short-term, long-
  term
• information transferred between
  these in a linear sequence

Question 6

What is attention?

Answer 6

set of operations that enable the
individual to detect, recognise and
identify relevant stimuli

Question 7

Sustained Attention:

Answer 7

the ability to focus on the stimulus over a period of time

Question 8

Selective Attention:

Answer 8

the ability to focus on the stimulus whilst ignoring the rest of the sensory input (as well as internally generated content)

Question 9

For progression from sensory memory to short-term memory, what is required?

Answer 9

Attention

Question 10

What is required for progression from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Answer 10

Elaborate Rehearsal and Encoding

Question 11

For retrieval of a memory encoded in the long term memory?

Answer 11

must be retrieved into short-term memory

Question 12

Sensory Memory:

Answer 12

• sensations persist after the stimulus
  has disappeared
• subject to very rapid decay
• contains stores for iconic and echoic
  sensory information

Question 13

What is the capacity of the iconic and echoic stores in the sensory memory?

Answer 13

if the delay is >1sec, the recall drop to under 50%

Question 14

Multistore Model of Memory:

Answer 14

Question 15

The short-term memory store is a “———”

Answer 15

workspace to solve problems

Question 16

Working Memory Model:

Answer 16

slave systems are just processing (phonological and visuospatial) and episodic buffer

visuospatial = parietal and occipital lobes

episodic buffer = regulator between phono and visuospatial

master systems are central executive

Question 17

Long-term Memory Store:

Answer 17

• information that is salient
• encoded information
• unlimited capacity
• lifetime’s duration

Question 18

Orthographic (written) instructions and phonological instructions are transferred to the —— —- and rehearsed there to maintain them.

Knowledge of what a circle looks like is retrieved from long-term memory and stored in the ——— ——- and rehearsed.

Knowledge of how to move the shapes is made available by the ——- —— ——–.

Partial combinations and arrangements are placed on the —————–.

Answer 18

Orthographic [written] and phonological [spoken] forms of the shapes are transferred to the phonological loop and rehearsed there to maintain them.

Knowledge of what a circle, etc., looks like is retrieved from long term memory and stored in the visuospatial sketchpad, and rehearsed.

Knowledge of how to move shapes is made available [due to executive control system].

Partial combinations and arrangements are placed on the visuospatial sketchpad.

Question 19

How does the phonological loop work?

Answer 19

• acts like a tape recorder for a limited
  period of time
• the contents are actively refreshed
  by an ***articulatory process = sub-
  vocal speech
• disruption of this articulatory
  process results in poor retention in
  the phonological loop

Question 20

The Visuospatial Sketchpad:

Answer 20

• necessary for holding online a
  sequence of visually guided actions
• also necessary for seeing in the
  mind’s eye
• our position in relation to the objects
  in the environment

Question 21

Other components of the Working Memory Model:

Answer 21

Question 22

Why is working memory important?

Answer 22

Working memory capacity is correlated with learning outcomes in literacy, numeracy and reading comprehension.

A longitudinal study showed that a child’s working memory at 5 years old is a better predictor of academic success than IQ (capacity of 7 elements plus minus two).

Working memory impairments are associated with low learning outcomes.

Question 23

Memory problems aren’t always memory problems.

Answer 23

Question 24

Emotions: Memory and Learning:

Answer 24

• active process
• best learning occurs when there is
  optimal arousal few distractions;
  related to attention
• at a low arousal level; we take in less
  detail but have a broad focus
• at a higher arousal level; we take in
  more detail but with a narrow range
• negative emotions narrow the range
  of attention; which implications for
  patient/practitioner communication

Question 25

Flashbub Memories:

Answer 25

• triggered by surprise and
  consequentiality
• including surprising, impactful and
  sometimes traumatic events
• can be vivid and there is high
  perceived confidence in accuracy

Question 26

Why are flashbub memories relevant in medical contexts?

Answer 26

patients may receive surprising diagnoses

practitioners might be put in surprising

Question 27

Implications for Concordance:

Answer 27

• giving information
• patients immediately forgot around
  50% of what they are told by their
  doctor

info provided to pts may not be remembered if:
- if its not attended to
- if it is not understood
- too much info given
- if it is not encoded through
repetition, rehearsal or sufficient
processing