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NSB > Anatomy of the Ear and the Auditory Pathway > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Ear and the Auditory Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Ear:

A

parotid gland near the tragus

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2
Q

The External Ear is divided into 2 parts:

A
  • cartilaginous auricle on the lateral aspect of
    the head
  • cartilaginous and bony canal (external
    acoustic meatus) that passes through the
    tympanic part of the temporal bone
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3
Q

Function of the External Ear:

A
  • capture sound
  • transmit sound
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4
Q

External Ear:

A

insert diagram

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5
Q

External Ear:

A

external acoustic meatus is part of the tympanic part of the temporal bone

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6
Q

Tympanic Membrane:
- boundary
- what attaches to it?
- cone of light

function

A
  • boundary between external and middle ear
  • fibrocartilaginous ring attaches to it and the
    tympanic part of the temporal bone
  • attached to handle of malleus-umbo
  • cone of light projects anteroinferiorly = can be
    used to differentiate between right and left
    ears

converts sound air waves into mechanical vibration

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7
Q

What is shown below?
Label the diagram.

A

insert tympanic membrane

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8
Q

The middle ear comprises of 2 parts:

A
  • tympanic cavity
  • epitympanic recess
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9
Q

Middle Ear: Tympanic Cavity:Location:

A

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone that is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane

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10
Q

Function of the Middle Ear:

A

transmit sound through the vibrations between the ossicles

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11
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx?

A

via the pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube

naso, oro and laryngopharynx;

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12
Q

Middle Ear:

A

insert diagram

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13
Q

Tympanic Cavity:

A

lateral view having removed the tympanic membrane
just a schematic

  • chordae tympani provides special sensory to
    tongue
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14
Q

Tympanic Cavity: Boundaries:

A
  • tegmen tympani = roof/tegmental wall
  • floor/jugular wall = IJV inferiorly, tympanic
    branch of CNIX enters cavity
  • posterior/mastoid wall = chordae tympani
    enters cavity
  • anterior wall = pharyngotympanic tube
  • medial/ labrinthine wall = cochlea, oval
    window, round window
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15
Q

The central point of the tympanic membrane is the

A

umbo

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16
Q

What holds the tympanic membrane taut?

A

the handle of the malleus bone

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17
Q

Name the ossicles, articulations and what type of joints.

A
  • malleus (hammer) = articulates with the
    tympanic membrane
  • incus (anvil) = lies in the middle
  • stapes (stirrup) = articulates at the oval
    window with the inner ear
  • synovial joints
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18
Q

Ossicles:

A

just need to know basic shapes

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19
Q

2 main muscles of the middle ear:

A
  • tempor tympani
  • stapedius
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20
Q

Functions of the tensor tympani and stapedius:

A
  • to reduce vibrations of tympanic membrane
  • to reduce the vibrations of the stapes at the
    oval window
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21
Q

Tensor Tympani:
- articulation
- action
- innervation

A
  • articulates with the handle of the malleus
  • tenses on tympanic membrane by pulling on
    the handle of the malleus
  • mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
    CNV3
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22
Q

Stapedius:
- articulation
- action
- innervation

A
  • articulates with the neck of stapes
  • pulls on the stapes
  • facial nerve (proper division) CNVII = motor
    component
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23
Q

Middle Ear Muscles:

A

from medial looking outward

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24
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube function:

A

to equalise pressure between the middle ear and the external environment via the nasopharynx

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25
Q

The pharyngotympanic Tube comprises of 2 parts:

A
  • 1/3 bone, proximal to the tympanic cavity
  • 2/3 cartilage, distal to the tympanic cavity
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26
Q

The inner ear is a series of

A

bony cavities and membranous ducts in the petrous part of the temporal bone

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27
Q

How does the inner ear communicate with the posterior cranial fossa?

How does sensory information to do with hearing and balance travel from the inner ear to the brainstem?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII

travels to the brainstem = sensory info

enters the cranial cavity via the internal acoustic meatus into the posterior cranial fossa

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28
Q

Inner Ear Function (2):

A
  • conversion of mechanical stimuli into
    electrical signals
  • conversion of mechanical stimuli of
    movement and changes in position into
    electrical signals
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29
Q

Inner Ear:

A

insert diagram

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30
Q

The Inner ear comprises of (2):

A
  • the bony labyrinth containing perilymph
  • membranous labyrinth containing endolymph
    (floating within perilymph)

(sweater = bone, body = membrane)

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31
Q

Inner Ear:

A

insert diagram

32
Q

Inner Ear:

A

insert diagram

33
Q

Inner Ear:

A

insert diagram

34
Q

The first pathway of sound into the inner ear is called

A

the vestibule (the bony labyrinth)

contains perilymph (similar to CSF) and houses the membranous labyrinth

communicates with the middle ear

35
Q

Which of the following are apart of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
  • semicircular ducts
  • utricle
  • scala tympani
  • cochlear duct
A
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canal
  • scala tympani
36
Q

The semi-circular ducts are housed within the

A

semi-circular canals

37
Q

Inner Ear: Semi-circular Canals:

A
  • three semi-circular ducts: horizontal, anterior
    and posterior
  • 90 degrees to each other
  • widening at the end of each canal = ampulla
  • contains perilymph
38
Q

The vestibule houses the

A

utricle and saccule

39
Q

Inner Ear: Cochlea:

A
  • central core of bone = modiolus
  • scala vestibuli (duct)
  • scale tympani (duct)
  • helicotrema (communication between scalae)

contains perilymph

40
Q

How does the sound wave/vibration pass through the cochlea?

A
  • sound wave passes through scala vestibule
    first
  • then helicotrema
  • then scala tympani
  • articulate via round window back into the
    middle ear
41
Q

Inner Ear: Membranous Labyrinth:

A
  • utricle
  • saccule
  • 3x semicircular ducts and ampullae
  • cochlear duct (scala media)
  • contain endolymph
  • surround by perilymph and bony labyrinth
42
Q

Which nutrients are the endolymph high in?

A

potassium
low in sodium

43
Q

Inner Ear:

A

insert diagram

44
Q

Inner Ear:

A

insert diagram

45
Q

Cochlea:

A

insert diagram

46
Q

Membranous Labyrinth:

A

insert diagram

47
Q

Label the bones:

A

insert diagram

48
Q

What are three parts of the ear?

A

external, middle, inner

49
Q

Innervation to Ear:

A

insert diagram

50
Q

What is the shape of the cochlear duct/scala media?

A

triangular shape

51
Q

Cochlear Duct:
- held in place by
- boundaries/membranes
- spiral organ

A
  • spiral ligament holds in place to petrous
    temporal bone
  • vestibular membrane superiorly (separates
    from scala vestibule)
  • basilar membrane inferiorly (separates from
    scala tympani)
  • spiral organ - organ of hearing = lies on the
    basilar membrane
52
Q

Cochlear Duct:

A

insert diagram

53
Q

Sound waves hit tympanic membrane, pass through ossicles, vestibule and into cochlea, then

A
  • vibration in perilymph
  • scala vestibuli first
  • scala tympani
  • movement of basilar membrane
  • signal induction in spiral organ by causing
    interaction between tectorial membrane and
    sterocillia
54
Q

What is the cochlear nerve formed from?

A

spiral ganglion at the base of lamina of modolius across the cochlea

all unit to form the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve

55
Q

The Cochlear nerve travels with the vestibular nerve through

A

the petrous part of temporal bone

CNVIII enters posterior cranial fossa via the internal acoustic meatus

56
Q

After CNVIII enters the posterior cranial fossa, what is the path of the cochlear nerve?

A
  • travels to the dorsal and ventral nuclei in the
    medulla oblongata
  • neurons travel to midbrain inferior colliculus
    and then thalamic medial geniculate nucleus
  • impulses travel to the auditory cortex in the
    temporal lobe (area 41/42)

spiral organ in cochlea, cochlear nerve formed, petrous part of temporal bone, via internal acoustic meatus, into medulla oblongata to dorsal and ventral nuclei, synapse and ascend into the midbrain to the inferior colliculus, pass the thalamus and travel to the auditory cortex

57
Q

The superior colliculi are involved in the

A

pathway of visual information

58
Q

What are cristae ampullaris and where are they located?

A
  • organs of balance
  • within the semicircular DUCTS of the inner ear
59
Q

In what planes are the three semicircular ducts found?

A
  • anterior = coronal = perceive lateral flexion
  • posterior = sagittal =perceive flexion extension
  • horizontal = transverse = perceive rotational
    movement
60
Q

Where do all the semicircular ducts open?

A

via ampulla into utricle

61
Q

What is the maculae and where is it located?

A
  • organs of balance
  • utricule and saccule
62
Q

What is perceived in the utricule?

A

Linear acceleration = horizontal plane

63
Q

What is perceived in the saccule?

A

Linear acceleration = vertical plane

64
Q

Pathway of information through the vestibular part of CNVIII: signal generation:

A
  • rotational movements(crista ampullaris) cause movement of the
    endolymph in semicircular ducts
  • endolymph movements distort the cupula
  • stereocilia and single kinocilium embedded
    within the cupula
  • movement of the hair cells causes electrical
    signals to fire in the vestibular nerve division
    of CNVIII

orrrr

  • acceleration movements cause movement of
    endolymph in utricle and saccule
  • endolymph movements distort the otholithic
    membrane in gelatinous mass
  • stereocilia and single kinocilium in gelatinous
    mass interact
  • causes electrical signal to fire in the vestibular
    nerve division
65
Q

The cupula is a

A

gelatinous mass

66
Q

Cupula:

A

insert

67
Q

How is the vestibular nerve formed?

A

inferior and superior divisions unit

68
Q

the vestibular nerve travels with

A

the cochlear nerve through petrous bone via the internal acoustic meatus to enter the posterior cranial fossa

69
Q

After entering the posterior cranial fossa, the vestibular division of CNXIII travels to

A

the superior, inferior, medial and lateral nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons

neurons travel to different pathways

70
Q

Summary of how vestibular information travels

A
  • generated through the interaction of
    stereocilia and a single kinocilia in gelatinous
    mass
  • travels through the vestibular nerves
  • inferior and superior vestibular nerves join to
    form the vestibular division of CNXIII
  • travels with the cochlear nerve through the
    petrous part of the temporal bone
  • enters the posterior cranial fossa through the
    internal acoustic meatus
  • travels to the medulla oblongata and pons
  • synapses at the superior, inferior, medial and
    lateral nuclei
  • then travels through various pathways eg
    vestibulospinal, vestibulocerebellar,
    vestibuloocular reflexes
71
Q

Semicircular ducts:

A

insert diagram

72
Q

vestibular nerve

A

insert diagram

73
Q

Vestibular Part of CNVIII:

A

insert

74
Q

What are the organs of rotational movement?

A

cristae ampullaris
in the ampulla of semicircular ducts

75
Q

What are the organs of accelerational movement?

A

maculae
in the utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical)

76
Q

Auditory pathway:

A

NSB (50 decks)

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