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NSB > Physiology of Balance, Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Physiology of Balance, Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular System: Function:

A
  • responsible for balance and spatial
    awareness
  • motor coordination, response
  • eye movement
  • posture
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2
Q

What does the vestibular system consist of?

A
  • semicircular canal
  • otolith organs
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3
Q

Vestibular System: Semicircular Canals: Function:

A

detect angular acceleration

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4
Q

Vestibular System: Otolith Organs: Function:

A

detect linear acceleration

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5
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

the utricle and saccule

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6
Q

Vestibular System

A

insert diagram

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7
Q

Vestibular System: Otolith Organs: Macula:

A
  • sensory tissue of utricle and
    saccule are respective maculae
  • macula contains hair cells, which
    are sensory mechanoreceptors of
    the vestibular system
  • type I and type II
  • macula of saccule is at a right
    angle to the macula of the utricle
  • utricle macula = horizontal plane
  • saccule macula = vertical plane
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8
Q

Otolith Organ Structure:

A

insert slide

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9
Q

Semi Circular Canals:

At each end are the continuations of the utricle or saccule?

A

utricle

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10
Q

Where are the sensory cells of the semi circular canal located?

A

in the ampulla

crista ampullaris is cone like stricture in the ampulla

crista ampullaris contains hair cells and is orientated at a right angle to the canal x acis

hair cell cilia are embedded in a gelatinous mass called the cupulla

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11
Q

Semicircular Canals:

A

insert diagram

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12
Q

Hair cells:

A

insert slide

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13
Q

Vestibular System:

Each movement initiates a series of

A

complex excitation and inhibition events at the hair cells

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14
Q

Vestibular System: Exiting the Car After Stopping:

  • Turn towards the car door:
  • Stepping out of the car:
  • Raising to a standing position:
A
  • Exiting the car after stopping.
  • Turn towards the car door:
    stimulation of the horizontal
    semicircular canals.
  • Stepping out of the car:
    stimulation of the hair cells in the
    utricles (left and right).
  • Raising to a standing position:
    stimulation of the hair cells in the
    saccules (left and right).

Conclusion of the movement leads to opposite linear and angular accelerations

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15
Q

Vestibular system Pathway:

A
  • afferent nerves that innervate the
    vestibular sensroy receptor carry
    stimuli from receptors to the
    vestibular nuclei: superior, lateral, medial and inferior
  • then projects to the abducens nuclei
  • via abducens nuclei stimuli are
    transported to the trochlear and
    oculomotor nuclear complex
  • projections of the vestibular nuclei
    innervate CNIII (oculomotor), IV
    (trochlear), VI (abudcens)
  • coordinate eye, neck and trunk
    movement
  • projections innervate descending
    pathways that regulate posture
    and muscle tone
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16
Q

Vestibular System Pathway:

A

insert diagram

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17
Q

Vestibular System Disorder: Vertigo:

A
  • caused by accumulation of debris
    from the otolithic membrane to
    the ampulla
  • increase sensitivity to angular
    movement
  • can also be caused by nerve or
    neural nuclei lesions
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18
Q

Vestibular System Disorder: Meniere’s Disease:

A
  • vertigo that is intermittent and
    relapsing
  • possible hearing distortion or
    tinnitus
  • thought to be caused by the
    accumulation of endolymph due
    to poor drainage
  • damage to hair cells has also been
    observed, possibly due to
    endolymph oedema
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19
Q

Nystagmus

A
  • head rotation in one direction is
    followed by slow movement of
    eyes in the opposite direction,
    followed by rapid eye movement
    towards the rotation of the head
    and fixation in new plane of vision
  • slow eye movement is controlled
    by the vestibular nuclei
  • nystagmus in the absence of head
    movement can indicated
    damage/lesion in the vestibular
    system
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20
Q

How is the vestibular system tested for damage?

A
  • caloric test
  • ear irrigation with either hot or
    cold water
  • applies to the horizontal
    semicircular canals
  • warm water irrigation of the left
    ear causes the firing of hair cells
    and activation of vestibular nuclei
  • stimulates head movement to the
    left, eyes slowly deviating to the
    right
  • cold water irrigation of the left ear
    does not lead to hair cell firing and
    consequently causes head
    movement to the right and eye
    movement to the left
  • absence of eye movements can
    indicate damage to the vestibular
    system
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21
Q

The olfactory system relies on ——– sensory neurons receptors?

A

chemical

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22
Q

Olfactory receptors are located in

A

the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is the life span of a chemical sensory olfactory receptor?

A

30-60 days
short life span

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24
Q

Olfactory System:

A

insert diagram

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25
Q

What occurs at the olfactory bulb?

A

axons of the bipolar olfactory neuron receptors project to the olfactory bulb where they form synapses with second order olfactory neurons

synapse is a glomerulus

26
Q

The Olfactory Epithelium:

A
  • olfactory sensory neuron
    dendrites extend into cilia,
    embedded in the nasal mucosal
    epithelium
  • basal epithelium contains stem
    cells that can replace the olfactory
    neurons
  • olfactory neuron axons are not
    myelinated and they form clusters
    that synapse with 2nd order
    neurons to form CN1
  • epithelial cells support in a similar
    fashion as neural glial cell s
27
Q

Olfactory Epithelium:

A

insert diagram

28
Q

Olfactory System: Chemical Signal Generation:

A
  • cilia contain protein receptors that
    bind odorant molecules
  • metabotropic GPCR receptors
  • odorant molecule-receptor
    complex activates the Gs system
  • GDP excahnged for GTP
  • activates adenylate cyclase which
    activates cyclic AMP
  • cAMP binds to cyclic nucloetide
    gated channels causing an influx of
    Ca2+ and Na+ and an efflux of Cl-
  • leads to depolarisation of cilia and
    production of an action potential
29
Q

Chemical Signal Transport:

A

insert diagram

30
Q

Olfactory System: Summary:

A

insert diagram

31
Q

Olfactory Pathway:

A
  • olfactory sensory neurons release
    glutamate
  • olfactory bulb neurons release
    GABA and dopamine
  • olfactory tract projects to the
    olfactory cortex, the enteorhinal
    cortex and the amygdala
  • and to the frontal cortex,
    hippocampus and hypothalamus
32
Q

Olfactory bulb layers:

A

insert diagram

33
Q

Olfactory Pathway: Summary:

A

insert diagram

34
Q

Anosmia

A

loss of smell

35
Q

hyposmia

A

reduction in smell

36
Q

hyposmia and anosmia can result in

A

altered consumption of food and drink

37
Q

Causes of loss of smekk:

A
  • head injury that causes movement
    of olfactory bulband damage to
    the axons of the olfactory neurons
  • infection
  • nasal polyps
  • age; less regeneration of olfactory
    sensory neurons
  • alzheimer’s or parkinsons’s
38
Q

Cacosmia:

A

olfactory hallucination of unpleasant smells

39
Q

Cacosmia: Causes:

A
  • seizures involving the temporal
    lobe
  • tumour
  • parkinson’s
  • head injury
40
Q

5 basic senses of taste:

A
  • sweet
  • sour
  • bitter
  • salty
  • umami (pleasant savoury taste)
    (meat, fish, vegetables, breast mill)
41
Q

Receptors in which area of the tongue detect umami?

A

Receptors on all areas of the tongue can detect each of the five senses of taste

42
Q

What is the sensory organs of the gustatory system?

A

Taste buds

43
Q

Taste Buds:

A
  • embedded laterally in the margins
    of the papillae and they are
    surrounded by fluid
  • taste bud pore allows fluids from
    the oral cavity that contain
    chemical substances to enter
  • each taste bud contains taste cells
    that are the sensory receptors for
    taste
  • taste cells have a short lie span,
    and are regularly replaced
44
Q

Taste Cell: Innervation:

A
  • afferent nerves that project to the
    ganglia of CN VII, IX, X
  • facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
45
Q

Taste Receptor: Activation Process:

A
  • chemical substances in saliva
    enter the taste bud pore and come
    in contact with the microvilli of
    taste cells
  • initiates cascade events depending
    on type of chemical substance
  • each cascade leads to the
    depolarisation of taste cells and
    the release of neurotransmitters
    received by afferent neurons that
    innervate the taste cells
  • in all pathways taste cell
    depolarisation opens voltage
    dependent Ca2+ channels, influx
    of Ca2+ and the release of
    neurotransmitters; ATP and
    serotonin
46
Q

Taste Receptors: Salty Substances:

A
  • salty substance enters taste bud
    pore and comes in contact with
    the microvilli
  • cascade events
  • influx of Na+ ions
  • opening of voltage gated Ca2+
    channels
  • depolarisation, action potential,
    neurotransmitter
47
Q

Taste Receptor: Sour Substances:

A
  • sour substance enters the taste
    bud pore and comes into contact
    with microvilli
  • cascade events
  • influx of H+ ions and
    depolarisation due to the closure
    of K+ ion channels
  • Ca2+ influx due to opening of
    Ca2+ voltage gated channels
  • action potential, neurotransmitter
48
Q

Taste Receptor: Sweet Substances:

A
  • sweet substance enters the taste
    bud pore and comes in contact
    with the microvilli
  • GPCR (Gs) activates adenylate
    cyclase, and production of cAMP
  • cAMP activates PKa, which closes
    K+ channels causing
    depolarisation
  • influx of Ca2+ due to opening of
    Ca2+ voltage gated channels
  • action potential, neurotransmitter
    release
49
Q

Taste Receptors: Bitter Substances:

A
  • bitter substance enters taste bud
    pore and comes into contact with
    the microvilli
  • GPCR (Gq) activated, activated
    phospholipase c (PLC) and
    catalyses syntehsise of IP3
  • IP3 causes the release of Ca2+
    from intracellular storage
  • depolarisation, neurotransmitter
    release
50
Q

What taste pathway is shown below?

A

salt

51
Q

What taste pathway is shown below?

A

sour

52
Q

What taste pathway is shown below?

A

sweet

53
Q

What taste pathway is shown below?

A

bitter

54
Q

The Gustatory Pathway:

A
  • chordae tympani of facial nerve,
    glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus
    nerve project to the gustatory
    cortex via the nucleus of solitary
    tract and the thalamus
55
Q

Why might chordae tympani become damaged during ear surgery?

Causes?

A

passes through the middle ear

dygeusia

56
Q

Ageusia

A

loss of taste (rare)

57
Q

Hypogeusia

A

partial loss of taste

58
Q

Dysgeusia

A

sensation of unpleasant tastes

59
Q

Gustatory Pathway:

A

insert diagram

60
Q

Which of the following systems have similar receptors and pathways?

  • auditory
  • visual
  • vestibular
  • olfactory
  • gustatory
A

The olfactory and gustatory sensory receptors are chemical receptors that follow a different pathway of activation compared to the mechanoreceptors of the auditory and vestibular systems.

NSB (50 decks)

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