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NSB > The Cerebellum and Motor Learning > Flashcards

The Cerebellum and Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum: Function:

A
  • receives sensory info
  • influences motor function
  • involved in motor learning and higher
    function
  • not involved in interpretation or
    discrimination
  • does not initiate movement
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2
Q

Cerebellar Anatomy:

A

insert

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3
Q

Label the diagram below.

A

insert diagram

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4
Q

Three lobes of the cerebellum are

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • flocculonodular
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5
Q

The two hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected in the midline by the

A

vermis

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6
Q

Functional organisation of the cerebellum:

A

insert diagram

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7
Q

Internal structure of the Cerebellum:

A
  • outer layer is the cerebellar cortex
  • white matter tracts
  • deep cerebellar nuclei:
    - fastigial nucleus medially
    - dentate nucleus laterally
    - interposed nucleus in between the
    globose and emboliform nucli
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8
Q

Cerebellar Afferents travel

A
  • directly from the spinal cord
  • via the brainstem nuclei
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9
Q

All input into the cerebellum is

A

excitatory

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10
Q

Afferent pathway to the cerebellum:

A
  • sensory information from muscle
    spindles or golgi tendon organs in
    skeletal muscle travels to the cerebellum
    through
  • direct ipsilateral pathways (dorsal
    spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar and
    ventral spinocerebellar
  • synapses with brainstem nuclei (inferior
    olivary nuclei) and passes over to the
    contralateral cerebellar cortex cia the
    inferior peduncle
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11
Q

Three direct ipsilateral pathways for sensory information from the muscle cells to cerebellum:

A
  • dorsal spinocerebellar tract: info on
    individual muscles of legs
  • cuneocerebellar tract: info on individual
    muscles of arms
  • ventral spinocerebellar tracts: whole
    limb, synergy of movement
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12
Q

Vestibular nuclei relays info from

A

the vestibular system to the cerebellum

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13
Q

Reticular Formation Nucleus: Function:

A

modulating spinal reflexes acting on extensors

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14
Q

Red Nucleus: Function:

A

relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum via the inferior olivary nucleus

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15
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus: Function:

A

integrates signals from spinal cord and the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Deep Pontine Nuclei: Function:

A

fibers from all regions of the cerebral cortex synapse with deep pontine nuclei to connect to the contralateral cerebellum via transverse fibers

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17
Q

Tectum Nuclei: Function:

A

fibers from inferior and superior colliculus provide auditory and visual input to the cerebellum via deep pontine nuclei

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18
Q

Cerebellar Output

A

insert diagram

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19
Q

Functional part: Vestibulocerebellum:

A
  • involved in balance/eye movement
  • input from vestibular nuclei to the
    folocculonodular lobe
  • output via vestibular nuclei and co-
    ordinates with visual cortex, superior
    colliculus and reticular formation nuclei
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20
Q

Vestibulocerebellum:

A

insert diagram

21
Q

Functional Part: Spinocerebellum:

A
  • vermal and paravermal cortex
  • inputs from spinocerebellar tracts and
    brainstem nuclei
  • vermis: output via fastigial nucleus and
    medial descending tracts affecting
    motor execution
  • paravermis:
    - output via interposed nuclei and
    lateral descending tracts affecting
    motor execution
    - output via inferior olivary nucleus to
    red nucleus and cerebral cortex for
    motor control and learning
22
Q

Spinocerebellum:

A

insert diagram

23
Q

Functional Part: Pontocerebellum/Cererbrocerebellum:

A
  • remaining lateral part, largest volume
  • main input via deep pontine nuclei,
    giving rise to transverse pontin fibers
    that enter cerebellum by contralateral
    middle cerebellar pepduncle
  • output via dentate nucleus
  • role in motor planning, control etc
  • role in cognition, speech, behaviour
24
Q

All output from the cerebellum to the deep cerebellar nuclei is ———-

A

inhibitory

25
Q

All output from the deep cerebellar nuclei is

A

excitatory

26
Q

All messages from the cerebellum are coded by

A

excitation and inhibition

27
Q

What are the two main types of fibers that input into the cerebellum?

A
  • mossy fibers
  • climbing fibers
28
Q

Cerebellar Cortex: 3 Layers:

A
  • molecular layer
  • purkinje cell layer: output from the
    cerebellar cortex to deep nuclei
    (inhibitory)
  • granule cell layer (outermost layer)
29
Q

Output from the cerebellum occurs via the (2):

A

deep cerebellar nuclei or vestibular nuclei

30
Q

Somatotopic Representation of the cerebellum:

A

area on the body that corresponds to a particular part of the nervous system

31
Q

Cerebellum: Granular Layer: Cell Types:

A
  • mainly granule cells (dendrites receive
    mossy fiber afferents)
  • golgi cell dendrites contact terminals of
    mossy fibers and dendrites of granule
    cells in cerebellar glomerulus
32
Q

Granular Layer:

A

insert diagram

33
Q

Granule Cells:

A
  • in granule layer
  • 3-5 dendrites from granule cell receive
    mossy fiber afferents
  • axon ascends to cortex surface
  • bifurcates in molecular layer
  • parallel fibers contact the purkinje cell
    dendrites and excite the purkinje cells
34
Q

Golgi cells:

A
  • granular layer
  • inhibitory GABA-ergic
  • receives afferents from parallel fibers
    and from mossy fibers
  • contacts dendrites of granule cells and
    terminals of mossy fibers
35
Q

Cerebellar: Purkinje Cell Layer:

A
  • contains purkinje cell
  • one cell layer thick
  • thick dendrites project to the molecular
    layer
  • axon descends to deep cerebellar nuclei
    or vestibular nuclei
  • output is inhibitory
36
Q

Cerebellar Cortex: Molecular Layer:

A
  • dendrites of purkinje cells
  • terminal branches of climbing fibers
  • parallel fibers of granule cells
  • 2 types of interneurons: basket cells and
    stellate cells, which make inhibitory
    contact with purkinje cells to sharpen
    the focus
37
Q

Climbing Fibers:

A
  • from inferior olivary nucleus
  • branches may synapse with deep
    cerebellar nucleus (stimulatory)
  • ascends to molecular layer of cerebellar
    cortex
  • synapses with dendrites of one purkinje
    cell
  • one climbing fiber to one purkinje cell,
    purkinje cell output is inhibitory
38
Q

Mossy Fibers:

A
  • branches in granular layer can directly
    stimulate deep cerebellar nucleus
  • end in mossy fiber rosettes, held by
    dendrites of granule cells
  • granule cells then influence purkinje
    cells through parallel fibers
  • also contact golgi cell dendrites
39
Q

Action of mossy fibers and climbing fibers on purkinje cells lead to

A

motor learning

40
Q

Synaptic plasticity of purkinje cells in cerebellum initiated by

A

the repetition of an action

41
Q

Symptoms affecting movement and tone are less likely to cause symptoms if dysfunction is in

A

the cerebellar cortex

42
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction symptoms are worse if what structure if affected?

A

the cerebellar nuclei

43
Q

If the paravermal cerebellar hemisphere is affected what symptoms would be seen?

A

affects ipsilateral function (connections via interposed nuclei or dentate nuclei)

44
Q

If the cerebellar vermis is affected what symptoms would be seen?

A

affects trunk, axxial muscles and eye movements

45
Q

Cerebellar Dysfunction: Symptoms:

A
  • uncoordinated movements
  • tremor
  • unsteadiness
  • oscillopsia
  • slurring of speech
46
Q

Cerebellar Dysfunction: Signs:

A
  • finger nose incoordination
  • dysdiadokokinesia
  • heel shin incoordination
  • gait ataxia
  • hypotonia
  • nystagmus
  • staccato speech
47
Q

A space occupying lesion or vascular lesion in one hemisphere of the cerebellar dysfunction.

Symptoms and signs?

A
  • ipsilateral past pointing, dysdiadokinesia
  • intention tremor
  • lateral hemisphere projects via dentate
    nucleus to cerebral cortex via thalamus
  • feedback to motor cortex disrupted
  • affects intentional movements
48
Q

Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration:
- affects
- symptoms
- signs

A
  • affects midline anterior vermis and
    paravermis
  • legs>arms incoordination
  • truncal ataxia most marked
  • nutritional deficiency leads to
    degeneration of purkinje cells more
    marked in regions discussed
  • axial muscles represented more
    medially, close to vermis
  • legs represented in the anterior
    paravermal region
49
Q

Medulloblastoma affecting the fastigial nucleus and vermis symptoms and signs?

A
  • truncal ataxia due to midline vermis
    involvement
  • nystagmus as connections via fastigial
    and vestibular nuclei

NSB (50 decks)

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