The Anatomy of Memory and Emotion Flashcards
Explicit/Declarative Memory:
Memories, which can be consciously recalled as facts and events
Implicit Memory:
acquisition of motor and cognitive skills; which manifest across a wider range of situations
Memory Flow Chart:
Episodic Memory:
- makes the acquisition and retrieval
of information about specific
personal experiences that occur at a
specific time and place
Working Episodic Memory:
- supports the temporary storage and
maintenance of internal
representations
Long term episodic:
- more permanent form of memory,
permitting the acquisition and
retrieval of information after long
periods
Semantic Memory:
- a form of explicit/declarative
memory - refers to individual general
knowledge (facts)
(when examining test vocab/amnesiac patients fail to acquire new vocab)
Semantic Memory Examination:
- Word Association Test
1) Phonological Fluency = subject is
asked to recall as many words as
possible starting with a letter (F,A,S)
2) Categorical Fluency = subjects
required to produce as many
responses to conceptual categories
as they can in a minute
(animals/fruit)
Memory: Flowchart:
insert flowchart
Procedural Memory:
- a form of implicit memory referring
to the acquisition of motor and
cognitive skills - three stages: cognitive, association
and autonomous
Perceptual Learning:
- form of procedural implicit learning
- indicates that the ability of sensory
systems to respond to stimuli is
improved through experience
Classical Conditioning:
- learning process
- occurs when two stimuli are
repeatedly paired - response which initially is elicited by
the second stimulus is eventually
elicited by the first alone
Hippocampus functions (3):
- episodic memory: what you had for
breakfast - encoding and recollection of long-
term memories: early life events,
info, experiences - spatial processing and navigation:
place cells
Hippocampus: Anatomy:
- locations
- structures and cells
- medial temporal lobe and bilateral
- Cornu Ammonis: CA1-4, Dentate
Gurus, Subiculum - CA1-4 are densely packed with
pyramidal cells = hippocampus
proper - DG = granular cells, episodic memory
- Subiculum = pyramidal cells,
plasticity
Hippocampus:
Hippocampus: Inputs:
- multiple areas of the cerebral cortex
(prefrontal, cingulate, temporal etc) - these project via the entorhinal
cortex into the hippocampus via the
subiculum
Hippocampus: Outputs:
- via the subiculum to
- prefrontal cortex, amygdala,
mamillary bodies etc - **fornix is a major output pathway
Hippocampus Inpur and Outputs:
Hippocampus: Connections:
Damage to the hippocampus can cause (3):
- amnesia = memory loss; anterograde
- difficulties in spatial navigation
- regulatory problems: sleep, impulse
control
What is shown below? Function?
- working memory, requires effort
Dorsolateral prefrontal complex
Parahippocampal gyrus:
- recognition memory
Categorical memory, word recognition, objects, people and faces are found in which cortices
temporal cortices
Association cortices are involved with
semantic memory
Papez Circuit:
- involves the mamillary bodies and
fornix - new memories encoding and
consolidation
Emotion:
Limbic System:
Limbic System:
Limbic System:
- involved with motivation, learning,
memory, emotional behaviour and
chronic pain - considered the interface between
subcortical and cortical structures
Amygdala: Location:
- almond-shaped group of cells
- rostromedial part of temporal lobe
- anterior to hippocampus
Amygdala: Structure:
- basolateral complex: sensory input
via the lateral nucleus, associative
learning - central nucleus (output and pain
processing): hypothalamus, brain
stem
Amygdala Structure
Amygdala Functions:
- threat detection and fear reactions
(sympathetic autonomic) - fear conditioning (Pavlovian learning
of threat) - Emotional Enhancement of Memory:
- arousal, intensity, reward
- motivational behaviours (natural
highs and artificial highs) - olfaction
Emotion: Cortices:
- Dorsal Anterior Cingulate:
- stress response/arousal
- emotional awareness
- cognitive control of emotion - Subgenual Anterior Cingulate:
- reward
- depression - Insular Cortex:
- cravings and urges
- anxiety
Subcortical structure involved in habits, motivation and emotional expression is
Striatum (basal ganglia)
Subcortical structure involved in reward and motivation is
ventral striatum
Subcortical structure involved in the chronic stress response
hypothalamus/pituitary gland
