The Anatomy of Memory and Emotion

Question 1

Explicit/Declarative Memory:

Answer 1

Memories, which can be consciously recalled as facts and events

Question 2

Implicit Memory:

Answer 2

acquisition of motor and cognitive skills; which manifest across a wider range of situations

Question 3

Memory Flow Chart:

Answer 3

Question 4

Episodic Memory:

Answer 4

• makes the acquisition and retrieval
  of information about specific
  personal experiences that occur at a
  specific time and place

Question 5

Working Episodic Memory:

Answer 5

• supports the temporary storage and
  maintenance of internal
  representations

Question 6

Long term episodic:

Answer 6

• more permanent form of memory,
  permitting the acquisition and
  retrieval of information after long
  periods

Question 7

Semantic Memory:

Answer 7

• a form of explicit/declarative
  memory
• refers to individual general
  knowledge (facts)

(when examining test vocab/amnesiac patients fail to acquire new vocab)

Question 8

Semantic Memory Examination:

Answer 8

• Word Association Test

1) Phonological Fluency = subject is
asked to recall as many words as
possible starting with a letter (F,A,S)
2) Categorical Fluency = subjects
required to produce as many
responses to conceptual categories
as they can in a minute
(animals/fruit)

Question 9

Memory: Flowchart:

Answer 9

insert flowchart

Question 10

Procedural Memory:

Answer 10

• a form of implicit memory referring
  to the acquisition of motor and
  cognitive skills
• three stages: cognitive, association
  and autonomous

Question 11

Perceptual Learning:

Answer 11

• form of procedural implicit learning
• indicates that the ability of sensory
  systems to respond to stimuli is
  improved through experience

Question 12

Classical Conditioning:

Answer 12

• learning process
• occurs when two stimuli are
  repeatedly paired
• response which initially is elicited by
  the second stimulus is eventually
  elicited by the first alone

Question 13

Hippocampus functions (3):

Answer 13

• episodic memory: what you had for
  breakfast
• encoding and recollection of long-
  term memories: early life events,
  info, experiences
• spatial processing and navigation:
  place cells

Question 14

Hippocampus: Anatomy:
- locations
- structures and cells

Answer 14

• medial temporal lobe and bilateral
• Cornu Ammonis: CA1-4, Dentate
  Gurus, Subiculum
• CA1-4 are densely packed with
  pyramidal cells = hippocampus
  proper
• DG = granular cells, episodic memory
• Subiculum = pyramidal cells,
  plasticity

Question 15

Hippocampus:

Answer 15

Question 16

Hippocampus: Inputs:

Answer 16

• multiple areas of the cerebral cortex
  (prefrontal, cingulate, temporal etc)
• these project via the entorhinal
  cortex into the hippocampus via the
  subiculum

Question 17

Hippocampus: Outputs:

Answer 17

• via the subiculum to
• prefrontal cortex, amygdala,
  mamillary bodies etc
• **fornix is a major output pathway

Question 18

Hippocampus Inpur and Outputs:

Answer 18

Question 19

Hippocampus: Connections:

Answer 19

Question 20

Damage to the hippocampus can cause (3):

Answer 20

• amnesia = memory loss; anterograde
• difficulties in spatial navigation
• regulatory problems: sleep, impulse
  control

Question 21

What is shown below? Function?

Answer 21

• working memory, requires effort
  Dorsolateral prefrontal complex

Question 22

Parahippocampal gyrus:

Answer 22

• recognition memory

Question 23

Categorical memory, word recognition, objects, people and faces are found in which cortices

Answer 23

temporal cortices

Question 24

Association cortices are involved with

Answer 24

semantic memory

Question 25

Papez Circuit:

Answer 25

• involves the mamillary bodies and
  fornix
• new memories encoding and
  consolidation

Question 26

Emotion:

Answer 26

Question 27

Limbic System:

Answer 27

Question 28

Limbic System:

Answer 28

Question 29

Limbic System:

Answer 29

• involved with motivation, learning,
  memory, emotional behaviour and
  chronic pain
• considered the interface between
  subcortical and cortical structures

Question 30

Amygdala: Location:

Answer 30

• almond-shaped group of cells
• rostromedial part of temporal lobe
• anterior to hippocampus

Question 31

Amygdala: Structure:

Answer 31

• basolateral complex: sensory input
  via the lateral nucleus, associative
  learning
• central nucleus (output and pain
  processing): hypothalamus, brain
  stem

Question 32

Amygdala Structure

Answer 32

Question 33

Amygdala Functions:

Answer 33

• threat detection and fear reactions
  (sympathetic autonomic)
• fear conditioning (Pavlovian learning
  of threat)
• Emotional Enhancement of Memory:
  - arousal, intensity, reward
  - motivational behaviours (natural
  highs and artificial highs)
• olfaction

Question 34

Emotion: Cortices:

Answer 34

• Dorsal Anterior Cingulate:
  - stress response/arousal
  - emotional awareness
  - cognitive control of emotion
• Subgenual Anterior Cingulate:
  - reward
  - depression
• Insular Cortex:
  - cravings and urges
  - anxiety

Question 35

Subcortical structure involved in habits, motivation and emotional expression is

Answer 35

Striatum (basal ganglia)

Question 36

Subcortical structure involved in reward and motivation is

Answer 36

ventral striatum

Question 37

Subcortical structure involved in the chronic stress response

Answer 37

hypothalamus/pituitary gland