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NSB > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters are —— chemicals

A

Endogenous

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2
Q

Neurotransmitter classification:

What class for dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin?

A

Monoamines

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3
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A
  • dopamine
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
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4
Q

Neurotransmitter nomenclature: neurones suffix

A

Ergic

Cholinergic etc

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter Nomenclature: Receptors:

A
  • cholinergic receptors
  • dopaminergic receptors
  • adrenoreceptors
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6
Q

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are most important in the —— nervous system

A

Sympathetic: cardiac contraction, release of glucose,

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7
Q

Dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline share the same synthesis pathway.

True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

Dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline come from amino acid tyrosine.

True or False?

A

True

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9
Q

What is the order of synthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline? Why does synthesis stop?

A
  • Tyrosine
  • dopa
  • dopamine
  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
  • synthesis stops depending on the enzymes present in the neurone
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10
Q

Noradrenaline is released by ——— nerve terminals.

Adrenaline is secreted by ———— cells in the ——— ———.

A
  • sympathetic
  • chromaffin cells
  • adrenal medulla
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11
Q

Agonists of alpha adrenoreceptors in order of affinity (highest to lowest):

A

Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Isoprenaline

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12
Q

Antagonists of alpha adrenoreceptors

A

Phentolamine

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13
Q

Agonists of beta adrenoreceptors in order of affinity

A

Isoprenaline
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

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14
Q

Antagonists of beta adrenoreceptors:

A

Propranolol

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15
Q

Beta adrenoreceptors are sensitive to up/down regulation.

True or False?

A

True

Regulating expression or numbers of receptors

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16
Q

Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors are mainly post synaptic.

True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Alpha 2 adrenoreceptors are mainly pre-synaptic.

True or False?

A

False

Both post or pre synaptic

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18
Q

Function of alpha 2 adrenoreceptors on pre-synaptic membrane.

A
  • Control release of noradrenaline
  • mechanism of negative feedback
  • NA released in synaptic cleft and acts upon post synaptic receptors
  • when NA binds to the pre-synaptic receptors, stops the release of NA from pre-synaptic neurone
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19
Q

Fill in the table.

A
20
Q

Pre-synaptic receptors are generally

A

Involved in feedback mechanisms for example alpha 2 adrenoreceptors

21
Q

Fill in the table.

A
22
Q

Signal Termination: Adrenergenic transmission in ANS

A
  • main mechanisms vis plasma membrane noradrenaline transporter (NAT or NET)
  • transporter in membrane of pre-synaptic neurone
  • limits action and recycles as re-packaged in vesicles

Minority uptake by non neuronal cells:

  • metabolism of endogenous and exogenous NA and Adr
  • Monoamine oxidases MAO
  • Catech-O-methyl transferase COMT
23
Q

Antidepressants and cocaine inhibit

A

NAT
Other monamine transporters

24
Q

Propranolol stops signs of external anxiety.

True or False?

A

True
Peripheral nervousness
Hand tremors

25
Q

Too much propranolol causes

A

Tolerance
Beta receptors upregulated so more agonists can bind

26
Q

Fill in the table.

A
27
Q

Fill in the table.

Ach receptors.

A
28
Q

Location of Ach receptors and effect of activation.

A
29
Q

Signal termination of acetylcholine

A

Metabolism by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase BuChe

30
Q

The autonomic system regulates

A

Branches of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions

31
Q

Complete diagram.
Parasympathetic and how to remember.

A
  • parasympathetic, long, at eases so in the end muscarinic receptors
32
Q

Complete diagram.

Sympathetic and how to remember.

A
33
Q

ANS - parasympathetic:

  • preganglionic neurones
A
  • cell bodies in the grey matter of the brain stem or lateral horn of spinal chord grey matter from S2-S4
  • long, synapse with postganglionic neurones at or near organ
  • release Ach to activate nicotine receptors on postganglionic neurones
34
Q

ANS - Parasympathetic:

Postganglionic neurones

A
  • cell bodies are in indistinct ganglia near or on their final target organ (further away from the spinal chord)

— short, synapse on the target organ

  • releases Ach to activate muscarinic receptors on the target organ
35
Q

ANS - Sympathetic:

Pre-ganglion if

A
  • cell bodies are in the lateral horn of spinal cord grey matter from T!-L@ hence thoracolumbar
  • short synapse with postganglionic neurones near spinal chord
36
Q

ANS - Sympathetic:

Postganglionic neurones

A
  • cell bodies are in the sympathetic chain, other named ganglia or in the adrenal medulla; closer to the spinal cord
  • long synapse on the target organ
  • releases noradrenaline to activate Adrenergenic receptors on target organs
37
Q

ANS - adrenal medulla - sympathetic supply

A
  • postganglionic axons never develop and the chromaffin cells take on endocrine role as not released by neurone - fight or flight
  • release adrenaline or noradrenaline into the bloodstream
  • useful for stress reaction, quick use of adrenaline, some NA
38
Q

ANS - sweat glands - which supply - why useful

A
  • effects of the sympathetic nervous system on sweat glands are mediated by muscarinic receptors because in this special case the postganglionic neurones are also cholinergic
  • cholinergic pre and postganglionic usually para sympathetic but is sympathetic in sweat glands and is the exception
  • can be useful to detect intoxications or overdose; a drug that affects muscarinic receptors and hence parasympathetic and this special case or sympathetic system affected by drug
39
Q

Fill in diagram.

A
40
Q

Fill in table.

A
41
Q

Sympathomimetic drugs

A
  • stimulation, mimicking effect of sympathetic nervous system
  • adrenoreceptors agonists are directly acting sympathomimetic drugs
  • alteration of release,metabolism, reuptake: indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs
42
Q

Sympatholytic drugs

A
  • inhibition (direct and indirect) of sympathetic nervous system
43
Q

Parasympathomimetic drugs

A
  • stimulation of parasympathetic
  • cholinomimetic or cholinergic
44
Q

Parasympatholytic drugs

A

Inhibition of parasympathetic nervous system

45
Q

How can we module the ANS to lower blood pressure?

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Adverse effects

A

Parasympathetic: stimulate (agonist) muscarinic receptors, inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzymes to recent reuptake

Sympathetic: inhibit (antagonists) alpha 1 receptors, no vasoconstriction, inhibit beta 1 lower heart rate and force of contraction of heart, stimulate beta 2 in blood vessels as vasodilation

Adverse:

Parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction, visual disturbances, incontinence, salivation

Sympathetic: tremors, glycogenolysis, bronchodilator

46
Q

Using a non-selective alpha antagonist to decrease blood pressure was not sustained because

A

Increases neurotransmitter release as inhibition of alpha 2

So releases noradrenaline concentration which is competing with antagonist and eventually wins increasing blood pressure again

NSB (50 decks)

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