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NSB > Plasticity and Regeneration > Flashcards

Plasticity and Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the growth and development of nerve tissues

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2
Q

What is the germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system?

A

Ectoderm which forms in week 3 of gestation

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3
Q

Neural Tube Development

A
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4
Q

The neural crest are migratory cells that

A

give rise to diverse cell types: melanocytes etc

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5
Q

Stem Cells Definition

A

capable of self-renewal, indefinite number of cell divisions, can differentiate into any cell type

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6
Q

Progenitor Cells Definition

A

more specialised than stem cells, can differentiate towards a limited number of cell types

go through a limited number of cell divisions priot to differentiation

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7
Q

Neural Epithelial cells are stratified cells.

True or False?

A

False

columnar cells

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8
Q

Cells of the neural crest are

A

stem cells
give rise to all cell types in the nervous system including neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

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9
Q

Neural Progenitor cells emerge after

A

neural stem cell asymmetric self-renewal

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10
Q

Neural Progenitor Cells:

A
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11
Q

What regulates the differentiation of neuroblasts?

A

the notch receptor of the notochord regulates the differentiation of progenitor cells

notch signaling promotes the formation of astrocytes while it inhibits the formation of neurons and oligodendrocyte

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12
Q

The growth cones are

A

the growing tips of axon

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13
Q

Growth Cone and Filopodia: Next step after differentiation in development in the CNS:

A
  • growth cones are growing tips of
    axons
  • growth cones are rich in
    microtubules and mitochondria and
    other organelles: which are the
    driving force for growth
  • growth cones extent to filopodia and
    sense environmental signals
  • within the growth cone and filopodia
    myosin molecules act a motor of
    actin filaments
  • the filopodia receive environmental
    signals through the receptor and
    respond by either advancing,
    retracting or turning
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14
Q

Filopodia are

A

slender cytoplasmic projections

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15
Q

Chemoattraction vs Chemorepulsion:

A

guidance of commissural neurons across the ventral midline

commissural neuron axons cross the midline that separates the two hemispheres of the developing brain

the protein netrin-1 is such a chemoattractant = causes formation of neurons that cross the midline/between two hemispheres hence commissural

Slit signal is a chemorepulsion

INSERT DIAGRAM

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16
Q

Which of the terms neuroblast/glioblast, neurostem cells, progenitor cells and neuroepithilial cells are interchangable?

A
  • Neuroblasts/glioblasts and
    progenitor cells are the same
  • neurostem cells and neuroepithelial
    cell
17
Q

Delta-Notch Signaling Pathway determines and label

A

whether a neuroepithelial cell will follow the glial or neuronal pathway

18
Q

Cellular events in neuronal development are and regulated by

A
  • in embryonic development approx
    double the number of neurons are
    produced compared to the mature
    brain and spinal cord
  • increased apoptosis ensures the
    removal of excess neurons
  • this process is regulated through the
    action of neurotrophins nerve
    growth factor (NFG), brain derived
    growth factor (BDNF) and the
    fibroblast growth factor (GFG)
19
Q

Cortex formation begins in —— development, and when are the six layers of the neocortex formed?

A
  • embryonic development
  • six (unequal) layers are formed at
    birth
20
Q

Which of the six layers in cortex development has the most myelin and hence axons?

A

layer six
decreases on the way to layer one

21
Q

How does the cortex develop?

A

Inside out cortical development

22
Q

Inside-out Cortical Development:

A
  • newly formed neurons migrate
    towards the cortical plate with the
    help of radial glial cells
  • migration is achieved through the
    action of cytoskeletal microtubules
  • this leads to the formation of the 6
    cortical layers of the cerebellum
  • this movement is called radial glial
    migration
  • first lower layers develop
    *radial glial cells are differentiated
    neuroepithelial cells

insert diagram

23
Q

Adult Neurogenesis:
- locations

A
  • subventricular zone (SVZ)
  • hippocampal dentate gyrus
24
Q

Ventricular System:

A
25
Q

Adult Neurogenesis:
- why not common?
- what allows neurogenesis

A
  • neurons are post-mitotic cells but
    two exceptions (SVZ, hippocampus)
  • neural crest cells are found and
    hence stem cells which can still
    regenerate
26
Q

Adult Neurogenesis Process: Replace Olfactory Neurons:

A
  • neural crest stem cells = neuroblasts
  • differentiate into immature neurons
  • migrate to the olfactory bulb along
    the Rostral Migratory Stream
  • then integrate into the already
    formed neuronal network
  • migration is guided by the cellular
    environment, molecular and
    chemical signals
  • migration also depends on
    cytoskeletal rearrangements
27
Q

CNS vs PNS Regeneration:

A
  • Neurons of the CNS have a different
    outcome following injury compared
    to PNS
  • in CNS oligodendrocyte myelinate
    axons but in PNS schwann cells
    myelinate
  • axons can still grow even if damaged
    but oligodendrocytes will not
    regenerate myelin sheath but
    schwann cells will reform the sheath
  • in CNS hindered as it is a
    compromise to keep networks stable
    as there is immediately phagocytic
    activity and invasion of astroctyes
  • glial scar is formed and axon in CNS
    can not grow
28
Q

The Critical Period Concept:

A
  • time during postnatal neural
    development where neuronal
    plasticity depends on environmental
    signals
  • more accurate to have different
    critical periods for different brain
    functions
  • ***critical periods are charcaterised
    by increased plasticity
  • strictly: sensitive period, the time
    when a sensory signal is received
    and followed by a period of
    increased neuronal plasticity
  • if something is learnt outside of the
    critical period the learning will not be
    as great later in life
29
Q

Examples of Critical Period in Development:

A
  • language skills
  • accent learning
  • bird imprinting: hatchling
    immediately attached to a moving
    entity and important for survival of
    new bird
  • primates can see early social
    interactions are essential for social
    development
30
Q

Cortical Plasticity:

A
  • adult brain characterised by low
    incidence of regeneration
  • some degree of ***plasticity in the
    somatosensory cortex located in the
    postcentral gyrus
  • when fingers are amputated there
    are changes in the cortical area to
    reflect that, cortical areas
    corresponding to missing fingers
    now respond to stimulations from
    adjacent skin areas
  • cortical plasticity diminishes with age
31
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex:

A
  • somatotopic representation of the
    different body areas of the cortex
  • resembles a homunculus
  • some body regions have a high
    number of sensory receptors and are
    assigned a larger cortical area while
    other regions with low density of
    sensory receptors correspond to a
    smaller cortical area
32
Q

Computational Theories of Memory:

A
  • recording new memories rely on the
    emergence of newly formed
    neuronal cells in the hippocampal
    dentate gyrus
  • older memories are encoded in the
    pre-existing neuronal network
33
Q

Axon guidance is regulated by specific signalling cues that cause chemoattraction or chemorepulsion.

True or False?

A

True

34
Q

Neuronal differentiation relies on the formation of growth cones, microtubule supported cell migration, signalling pathways, apoptosis of surplus cells.

True or False?

A

True

35
Q

Neurogenesis in the hippocampus has been shown to assist formation of new memories.

True or False?

A

True
(hippocampal dentate gyrus)

36
Q

Some neuronal axons (PNS) are characterised by regenerative capacity, while few cortical neurons exhibit plasticity even in the adult CNS.

True or False?

A

True

37
Q

Neurogenesis begins early in embryonic development with the formation of the neural tube and the differentiation of neural stem cells towards glial cells and neurons.

True or False?

A

True

NSB (50 decks)

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