Topic 9 part 1 Flashcards
Motivation
Factors that direct and energize the behaviour of humans and other organisms
Major approaches to motivation
- Instinct
- Arousal
- Cognitive
- Drive reduction
- Incentive
- Hierarchy of needs
Instinct
unlearned patterns of behavior
Biologically determined
Issues with instinct approaches
Does not agree on how many primary instincts exist
Not explained why one specific pattern of behaviour, has appeared and not other
Due to the variety and complexity of human behavior – behavior can not be seen as instinctual
Drive reduction approach
behaviour motivated by the need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
Drive
Motivational tension is arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
Negative Feedback
Unpleasant feeling until the need is met
Goal
Is to achieve homeostasis
Primary drive
Related to biological needs
- Hunger
- Thirst
- Sleep
Secondary drives
Those that prior experiences and learning bring about needs
- Knowledge
- Financial well being
- Personal achievement
Challenges with drive reduction
overemphasizes biological needs (primary drives)
it does account for non-homestatic behaviours
- Curiosity or thrill-seeking behavior that increases tension/arousal
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Primary needs to be satisfied before higher order needs
The base has the basic needs
sequential progression
Intuitive but difficult to falsify
Arousal approaches
we strive to maintain certain levels of stimulation & activity, increasing or reducing as nevecerssy
People vary in optimal levels of arousal
Incentive approach
Motivation stems from a desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives
Desirable properties of external stimuli count for individuals’ motivations
- Grades, money, affection
Explains why we may succumb to incentives even though we lack internal use
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation dirven by interal rewards for personal satisfaction
- Inherent joy
- Morally right
- To develop skill
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation driven by external rewards or pressures
- For good grades
- For reward
- To please others
Cognitive approaches
Motivation - peoples thoughts expectations & goals (their cognitions)
- the degree to which you are motivated to study for the test is based on your expectation of how well studying will pay off
Overjustivation effect
Occurs when providing excessive external rewards for an activity that is already intricately motivational leads to a reduction in intrinsic motivation
