Topic 13 - Part 1 Flashcards
Willam Satnley Milligan
He claimed that his other personalities had committed the crimes
Psychological disorders: Defining abnormality
Deviant
- Does not conform to acceptable social standards, violates cultural norms
Maladaptive
- Interferes with a persons ability to function effectively
Personal discomfort
- The person engaging In the behaviour finds it troubling
Inability to function
Legal concept
Historical conception Middle Ages
Middle ages
- mental illness was often viewed through a demonice model
- Odd behaviours were results of evil spirits inhabiting the body
- Exocisms and witch hunts were common
Historical conceptions Renaissance
The medical model emerged
mental illness as a physical disorder needing treatment
People housed in asylums (overcrowded and understaffed)
Treatments: bloodletting and snake pits
Historical conceptions (1700 - 1800s)
Refroms like Phillipe Pinel and Dorthe Dix pushed for moral treatment
Treating patients with dignity, kindness and respect
Free to rome the halls
Stil no effective treatments
Modern Era
Chlorpormazie (Thorazine)
- Developed in the eraly 1950s
Antipsychotic
- Moderately decreased symptoms of schizophernia & similar problems
Deinstitutionalization was enacted in the 1960s & 80s
Mixed results
History of Dinstiutionalization
Absymal condions in asylums & discovery of psychotropic meds
No infrastructure to support them in communities
Asylums –> different institutions
Diagnosis across culture
Severe mental disorders appear to be universally
Koro
- Belief that your genitals are shrinking and receding into the abdomen
- Malaysia and other asian countries
Amok
- Episodes of intense sadness & brooding followed by uncontrolled behaviour and violence
- Malaysia, philippines, and some african countries
Taijin Kyofusho (TKS)
Japanse form of social anxiety
Fear of interpersonal relations
- Fear that body parts are embarrassing or offensive to others
Social anxiety is because of fear of public embarrassment most of the time
Culture influences how people express interpersonal anxiety
DSM - 5
Official system for classifying individuals with mental disorders
Contains diagnostic criteria and decision rules for each condition
“Think organic” (rule out physical causes of symptoms first)
Contains information on prevalence
Explosion of mental disorders in DSM
Supporters
- Need to distinguish disorders precisely
- Improves communication & reliability among clinicians
Critics
- Drive by insurance industry
- Healthy people may be over treated
- services removed from those who truly need it
Biological perspectives
View pyshcological disorders as linke to biological phenomena
- Genetic factors, chemical imbalances, brain abnormality
Perspective on mental illness
psychosocial perspective
- Emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns
- Cause of psych disorders as a combination of biological and psychosocial factors
Diathesis - stress model
- Diathesis + Stress = Delopment of disorder
- Diathesis = Underlying predipostion
Anxiety Related disorders
Characterized by distresisng, persistnt anxiety of maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety
Most anxieties are trasient and can be adaptive BUT can become excessive & inappropriate
- panic disorder
- Speicif phobias
- OCD
- PTSD
Generalized anxiety disorder
Continual feelings of worry, anixety, physical tenstion and irritability
About 3% of the population developed it after major stressor or life change
more prevent in females & cauccasians
Panic Disorder
Repeated unexpected panic attacks along with
- persistent concerns about future attacks
- A change in personality in an attempt to avoid them
Panic attacks are brief, intense episodes of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, lightheedness, racing heartbeat, and a feeling of impending death
Phobias
unrealsitic fear of a specific situation, acitivity, or object
Agrophobia
- Basic fear of being away from a safe person or place
Obsessive coplusive disorder
Obsessions
- persistent, unintentional and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, distressing.
Complusions
- Repetitive and ritualisc acts, carrier dout to minimize distress that obsession trigger or reduce likelihood of feared event
OCD - related disorders
Hoarding disorder
Exoritation disorder (skin picking)
trichotillomania (Hair pulling)
Body dysmorphic disorder
Biopolar disorder
Mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania (elevated mood) & depression
- More common in women
- Average age onset is 25 years
Causes
- genetic prediposition
- Linked to oxidative stress & accelerated brain activity
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep & appetite, difficulty concentrating, hopelessness, possible suicidal ideation
Must have either a dressed mood OR anheodina
Prevalance
- Affects more women than men
- Decreases with age
Schizophrenia
Highly distoreted thought process
Positive Symptoms
- Hallucination
- Delussion
Negative Symptoms
- Social withdrawal, etc …
causes (Biological)
- Genetic vulnerability
Causes (environmental)
- Exterme stress
- SES
- Cannabis doubles the risk
Personality disorders
Rigid maladaptive patterns that cause peronal distress or liability to get along with others
Anticoal personality disorder
- lying, stealing, manipulating & sometimes violence
- Lack of guilt, shame, and empathy
Psychopathy
Guiltless, manipulative, callous, and self centerd
Most pychopaths arent violent
They know their irresponsible action are morally wrong, but they just don’t care
Uncommon psychiatric syndromes
Capgras syndrome
- Belief that a person close to them has been replaced by an exact double
Ekboms syndrome
- Delusion of infestation
Munhcasuen syndrome
- persistent fabrication of medical symptoms - leads to illness, engagement, unnecessary invasive/hazardous treatment
