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PSYC 1010 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Wake up during or going into/coming out of REM

The feeling of being conscious but unable to move

  • Anxiety/terror
  • feeling of menacing presence
  • Intruder

Culture plays a role

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2
Q

Consciousness

A

Waking consciousness

  • Our subjective experience of the world our bodies and our mental perspective

Altered states of consciousness

  • Sleep paralysis
  • Locke in syndrome
  • Out of body
  • Near death
  • Mythical experiences
  • Hypnosis
  • meditation
  • Psychoactive drugs
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3
Q

What is sleep

A

Low physical activity, receded sense of awareness

secretion of many hormones including

  • Melatonin
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Growth hormone
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4
Q

Stages of sleep

A

5 stages of sleep in 90min cycles

Stages 1 - 4: NERM

  • No eye movements, fewer dreams

Stage 5: REM sleep

  • Vivid dreams and quick eye movements
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5
Q

Light vs Deep Sleep

A

Light sleep:

  • Heart rate decreases
  • Body temp drops
  • Electric brain wave activity slows

Deep sleep:

  • Brain erupts with powerful brain waves
  • Body is recharged
  • Immune & cardiovascular benefits
  • Memory Consolidation
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6
Q

Hypnagogic state

A

pre sleep consciousness

Hypnagogic imagery

  • Visual
  • Somatic
  • Auditory

Myolonic / Hypnic jerk

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7
Q

Stage 1: Transition

A

The transition from wakefulness to sleep

It lasts only a few minutes

Brain waves slow down

Dreams like photos

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8
Q

Stage 2: Falling asleep

A

Further slowing of brain waves

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

As much as 65% of total sleep

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9
Q

Stages 3 and 4: Deep sleep

A

Delta waves

1st stage of deep sleep

Crucial to feel rested

Growth hormone production

Children spend more time NREM3/4 (efficient sleepers) than elderly

Suppressed by alcohol

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10
Q

Stage 5: REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep

Brain waves similar to wakefulness

Antonia (cannot move)

Eye & inner ear movements

REM rebound

Probably essential

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11
Q

Why do we sleep

A

Sleep is adaptive
* Restores resources
* Predatory Risks
* But we are vulnerable during sleep

Sleep is restorative:
* Sleep restores & replenishes us
* Memory consolidation, learning, cognitive function
* Slow wave sleep

Sleep is essential:
* Necessary for growth & brain development
* But we don’t know why

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12
Q

Sleep deprivation & mental health

A

Feel increased stress

overact emotionally

lack of emotional regulation
* React to neutral images if they were emotional (amygdala Activision, not connected to frontal cortex)

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13
Q

Peter Tripp

A

Stage a “walkathon”

Broadcasted from Times Square for 200 hours

Family and friends reported personality changes

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14
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

Biological rhythm that occurs over 24 hours

Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or biological clock of the hypothalamus

The sleep-wake cycle, one of our main circadian rhythms is linked to our environment’s natural light-dark cycle

Body temp, hormone production & blood pressure follow circadian rhythms

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15
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Brains clock mechanism

Sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina, allowing it to synchronize with the outside world

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16
Q

Melatonin & sleep regulation

A

Sleep-wake cycle is also regulated by other factors

Melatonin release stimulated by darkness inhibited by daylight
* Makes us sleepy
* Released by the pineal gland

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17
Q

Disruption of normal sleep

A

Jet lag
* Symptoms resulting from mismatch b/w our internal circadian cycles and our environment (fatigue, Sluggishness, irritability)

Rotating shift work
* Difficult to maintain normal circadian rhythm
* Exhaustion, agitation, sleep problems, depression & anxiety
* Shift work aged the brain by more than 6 years
* Substantial decline in brain function associated with shift work

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18
Q

Why do we dream

A

Freud
* Dreams are unconscious wish-fulfillment
* latent vs manifest content (what we really want vs. the storyline we get)
* Why do we have bad dreams
* symbols vs interpretation

Evolution
* Dreams for survival theory
* Many dreams are stressful
* represent concerns about our daily life

Neuroscience:
* Dreams are a way to make sense of random brain activity while sleeping
* Scenario isn’t random
* Motivation & emotional centers active during REM

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19
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep for at least 3 nights a week, for at least 1 month

9 - 20% of people

Higher likelihood of insomnia amongst students (~25%)
* ADHD (3.48 times higher risk)
* Depression
* Employment

Treatment: psychotherapy and or hypnotic

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20
Q

Paradoxical insomnia

A

Sleep state misperception
* I’m awake or am I?

people believe they are sleep deprived despite having a normal sleep cycle

Experience distress, anxiety & fatigue

Irritation beliefs & excessive worry

21
Q

Night Terrors

A

Sudden waking episodes characetized by
* Screaming
* Sweating
* Confusion

Followed by return to deep sleep
* Most common in children (3 - 8)

Harmless

22
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Blockage of the airway during sleep
* SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

23
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep

Directly into REM sleep

Cataplexy
* Sudden loss muscle control

Affects humans and animals

Associated with a lack of orexin

24
Q

Rem behavior disorder

A

Not paralyzed during & can act out dreams

25
Q

Somnambulism

A

Walking while fully asleep

Vague consciousness of the world around them

Stage 3 sleep

Perfectly safe to wake

26
Q

Sleep deprivation & technology

A

Children with mobile devices in the room: 7.4 hours of sleep per night

Children without a mobile devices in the room: 8.3 hours of sleep per night

27
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Substances containing chemicals similar to those found in the brain that alter biochemistry

Influence
* Emotions
* Perception
* Behavior

creates dependence on
* Caffeine
* Nicotine
* Alcohol
* THC

Affect the nervous system in different ways

28
Q

Biologically based addiction

A

The body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of a drug it cannot function in its absence

Related to withdrawal

29
Q

Psychologically based addiction

A

People believe they need the drug to respond to the stress of daily living

Related to cravings

30
Q

Tolerance

A

This means more is needed to achieve the effect

31
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that have an arousal effect on CNS
* Rise in blood pressure
* Heart rate
* Muscular tension

32
Q

Caffeine

A

Increase in attentiveness, decrease in reaction time - improvement in mood

33
Q

Nicotine

A
  • Activities neural mechanisms similar to cocaine
  • Enhances norepinephrine & acetylcholine, promotes dopamine activates SNS
34
Q

Amphetamines

A

Strong stimulants
* Dexedrine & Benzedrine (speed)

Small doses
* Sense of energy
* Talkativeness
* Heightened confidence
* Increase concentration
* Reduced fatigue
* Mood “high”

Prolonged use
* Paranoia
* Reduction in sexual desire
* Large doses can result in convulsion & death

35
Q

Amphetamines & ADHD

A

ADHD is associated with lower levels of dopamine, seeking stimulation

Drugs like Adderall increase levels of dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine

No ADHD -> euphoria, increased wakefulness, better ability to cope with stress

36
Q

Cocaine

A

Small doses produce a feeling
* Profound psychological well-being
* Awake
* Energetic
* Increase confidence
* Less hunger/sleep

Larger doses
* Anger
* Violence
* Irritability

Fidgeting (dopamine)

“Highs” due to dopamine
* Blocks reabsorption, floods the brain

37
Q

Depressants

A

Downers

Slow down CNS - neurons fire more slowly

Typically increases GABA activity

Small doses
* Temporary feeling of intoxication along with euphoria & joy

Large doses
* Speech becomes slurred, and muscle control becomes disjoined, making motion difficult
* Heavy users may lose consciousness entirely

38
Q

Alcohol

A

Most commonly used depressant

Stimulating at low doses (via dopamine)
* Euphoric, depressant effects kick in with higher doses

Lower inhibition “social lubricant” impairs judgment

Magnifies emotions

Females experience effect more heavily (same weight, higher BAC)

39
Q

Balanced placebo design

A

What we expect to happen plays a role in social behavior

Disentangle physiological effects from the influence of expectation

Placebo drinker’s behavior similar to alcohol drinkers

Expectations more important than physiological in influences social behaviors

40
Q

Barbiturates

A

Prescribed to induce sleep or reduce stress (produce a sense of relaxation)

Psychologically & physically addictive

With Alcohol: relaxes the muscles of the diaphragm to such an extent that the user stops breathing (deadly)

41
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Prescribed to treat anxiety and panic

Highly addictive

Excessive use can lead to tolerance (also memory impairment)

Deadly with alcohol

42
Q

Quaaludes

A

Methaqualone (brand name Quaaludes)

CNS depressant - sedative & hypnotic (increases GABA)

Popular in 1970s - taken so commonly as recreational drug that is has been banned for 30 years

Bill Cosby

43
Q

Narcotics

A

Drugs that increase relaxation & relieve pain and anxiety

Highly addictive
* Heroine
* Morphine
* Derived from poppy seed pods

Medical to abuse pipeline

44
Q

Opioids: poppy-sed derivates

A

Morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl

CNS depressant - drowsiness, drift in & out of consciousness (nod off) binds to opioid receptors - dopamine agonist

Euphoria & relaxation, blur the boundaries between wakefulness & dream-like consciousness

Reduced pain awareness (blocks pain messages)

45
Q

Hallucinogens (psychedelics)

A

Capable of producing hallucinations or changing sin perception

LSD, psilocybin, ayahuasca, marijuana, ecstasy, salvia

Interest in therapeutic values
* Mystical experiences
* Treatment-resistant challenges

46
Q

MDMA

A

MDMA & lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD acid) work primarily on serotonin, alter perception
* Ecstasy: users repot peacefulness & calm increased empathy & connection, relaxed but energetic

47
Q

LSD

A

Produces vivid hallucinations (can be wondrous or terrifying)

Alteration in sensory perception & distortions in time

48
Q

Marijuana - THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

A

Effects are a mix of excitatory depressive and mild hallucinatory

Trigger spontaneous, unrelated ideas, distorted perceptions of time & place, increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, and colors - erratic verbal behavior

Memory impairment “spaced out”

Prolonged cannabis use
* Impaired cognitive function (reversible)
* Reduced dopaminergic function

PSYC 1010 (8 decks)

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