Topic 2

Question 1

Prefrontal Lobotomy

Answer 1

Used to treat schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders

Severed the fibers connecting the frontal lobe and thalamus

originally popularized by subjective clinical reports

studies showed it did not work and had serious negative effects

Question 2

Doing research

Answer 2

Determine research question and hypothesis

Operationalize variables

Identify your study participants

Create you study material

Obtain ethics approval

Do research

Question 3

Internal and external validity

Answer 3

Relates to how well a study is conducted

Relates to how applicable the findings are in the real world

Question 4

Population vs samples

Answer 4

Population: Entire group of people of interest

Sample: A smaller group of people, drawn form the population

Question 5

Random Selection

Answer 5

A key ingredient for generalizability

choosing participants from a larger population in such a way that every person has an equal chance of being selected

ensures samples are accurate

Question 6

Operational Definition

Answer 6

Transplating your research question into specific, testable procedures that can be measured & observed

Question 7

The methods Toolbox

Answer 7

Descriptive:
* Naturalistic observation
*case study
* Self-report measures and surveys

Relationship B/W variables:
* Correlational Designs

Cause & Effect:
* Expiremental designs

Question 8

Naturalistic observation

Answer 8

Watching behavior in a natural/real-world setting

Advantages:
*High external validity
*Rich, detailed information
*Sometimes the only possible way

Disadvantages:
*lack of control
*Time and resource consuming
*Observer bias
*cant draw cause and effect conclusions

Question 9

Case Studies

Answer 9

In depth analysis of a single person or setting

Comoon when studying rare, unusual, or noteworthy phenomena

Advantages:
*Rich, detailed description of data
*Sometimes the only possible method

Disadvantages:
* Low external validity
* Researcher bias

Question 10

Self-reports/Survey methods

Answer 10

Involves collecting data by asking participants to describe their behaviors, attitudes, views, perceptions

Advantages:
* Affordable & Efficient
* Anonymity
* Snapshot of how a group of people think/behave
* Can inform policy, lawmakers, and public agencies

Disadvantages:
* Assumptions are that people answer honestly and provide meaningful responses BUT
* careless/random responding, misunderstanding question
*Reponse Bias

Question 11

Dealing with social desirability

Answer 11

Question - wording

Embedding reverse score items

Social desirablity scales

Question 12

Choosing a measure

Answer 12

What is your operation variable and research question?

Make your own measure OR use established

Question 13

What is the cost of the measure

Answer 13

Monetary

Practical (compensation)

Question 14

What is the equality of the measure

Answer 14

is it reliable

is it valid

Question 15

Evaluating measures

Answer 15

Reliability: consistency of measurements

Validity: the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

Question 16

Correlation/non-experimental method

Answer 16

examination of the strength of the relationshup[ between variables

variables observed but not manipulated

The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1

correlation vs. Causation: because two things are related, does not mean that one thing causes the other

Advantages:
* Can establish trends across large amounts of data
* Good for describing behavior
* Can be used to predict future behavior
* Sometimes necessary due to ethical issues

Disadvantages:
* Cannot infer the casual direction
* Third variable problem

Question 17

Experimental method

Answer 17

Research desings that focus on determining the casual influence between variables

at least one variable is manipulated, and one is measured or observed

random assignment of participants to experimental or control group

Independent variable (IV): manipulated by the researcher

Dependent variable (Dv): affected by a change in IV

Question 18

Experimental design

Answer 18

interval validity relates to how well a study is designed & conducted

High interval validity

Confound: A variable not of interest that varies along with the IV - could provide an alternative explanation

Pitfalls of experiments:
* placebo Effect
* Nocebo effect

Experimental bias:
* Expectancy
* Demand characteristics

Question 19

The replication crisis

Answer 19

Half to three-quarters of psychology studies are difficult to replicate

Question 20

What is repilication

Answer 20

is the repetition of findings previously presented or published

Question 21

Reasons for non replication

Answer 21

Falsified data

Sample size

Culturally and generationally specific

Poor replication quality

Question 22

Ethical guidelines for human research

Answer 22

Informed consent: potential participants should be informed in advance of all aspects

protection from harm and discomfort: take steps to avoid harm to research participants

Deception and Debriefing: if deception is used, participants should be informed as soon as possible

Question 23

When is it okay to not fully inform

Answer 23

Purely observation research

Special populations

Research requiering deception:
* Required in cases where knowing the true purpose would change their behavior of response
* Are not told the purpose of the study
* Misled (Given false purpose) OR not told