Topic 14 - Part 1 Flashcards
Historical treatments (17th - 19th century)
Treatments amied at supernatural forces
- Exorcism: incations & prayers said over person by priest
- Trephining: Hole in skull to release spirits
- Executions/imprisonment/witch trails
MH & Homelessness Canada
85% of homeless have at least 1 health challenge
Mental Health Treatment Today
psychiatric hospitals & local community hospitals
- focused on short-term care
Only hospitalized if they are a threat to others or themselves
Sources of psychological treatment
Family doctors & primary care clinics
- Initial assessments, prescribed meds, refer
Psychiatrists (covered by OHIP)
- medical doctors, referral required
Private psychologists & therapists
- Therapy and assessment BUt cannot prescribe, offer talk theray, not covered by public health care
Crisis & emergency services
Culture beliefs about therapy
Accepted in individualistic cultures
Not common in collectivists cultures, not good reputation
Psychoanalysis
First form of psychotherapy developed by Freud in early 20th century
Aimed to release hidden unconscious thoughts & feelings to reduce their power in controlling behaviour
psychodynamic therapy
Today - shorter duration
Less emphassis on past & childhood, more about current relationships and complaints
Controversial, unclear if it is effective
Evaluation
- Time consuming & expensive
- Requires person be very articulate
Behavioral Approches
Application of classical conditioning techniques to change undesirable behaviours
Aversie Conditionig
- Uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behaviour
- “Associates unpleasant stimulus & unwanted behaviour”
Classical conditioning techniques: Systematic desensitization
Gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking stimus
Relaxation techniques –> construct a hierarchy of fears –> put self in a relaxed sate, make visit to anxiety situation
Most successful CC-based behavioural treatment
- Used for phobias, anxiety disorders, …
Classical conditioning techniques: Flooding
Exposing the person to the anxiety stimulus at the beginning
- Exposure is rapid
- At first anxiety - over time they realise they are safe
- VR technology
- Is it ethical or trauma-inducing
Operant conditioning techniques
Reward desirable behaviour, extinguish negative behaviors through ignoring or punishing
Tokern system
- Person rewarded for desirable behavior with tokens
Contingency contracting
- Written agreement that outlines goals and consequences
Observational learning
- Behavior is modeled to teach new skills or new ways of handling anxieties
Dialectical behavioural therapy
Focuses on getting people to accept who they are
Two choices
- Reamin unhappy OR change
- Teaches people behavioural skills to help them behave more effectively & keep emotions in check
Distress tolerance
- Negative emotions are inevitable, but they don’t last forever
Mindfulness training
- Purposefully bring one’s attention to experiences in the present moment without judgment
New but promising effectiveness
How does behavior therapy stack up?
Advantages
- Works well for phobias, complusions, getting control over impulses, learning complex social skills to replace maladaptive behaviours
- Efficent - solves carefully defined problems
Disadvantages
- doest gain insight into thoughts & expectations that may foster maladaptive behaviour
- Does not treat deep depression or other severe disorders
Cognitive therapy
Developed by Aron Beck in the 1960s
Anxieties, depression, and negative emotions come from maladaptive thought process
Encourages finding more logical ways of interrestionstion and positive way of thinking
- Help client become aware of cognitive distortions like:
- Overgeneralizing - Taking small situations & making it huge
- Polarized thinking - seeing things absolute
- Help change dysfunctional thinking patterns by changing beliefs
- Field test –> internal beliefs: I’m worthless and stupid –> depression
- Faild test –> internal beliefs: I’m smart, but I didn’t study for this test. i can do better –> no depression
A-B-C Model
Negative ACTIVATING conditions (A) lead to activation of an irrational BELIEF system (B), which leads to emotional CONSEQUENCES (C)
Those emotional consequences then feedback and support the belief system
Introceptive exposure Therapy
Used to treat panic disorder
Purposfully arousing some of the symptoms of panic attack - goal is to perceive them as harmless
- Spinning around in a chair
- Hold your nose while breathing through straw
- Stair climbing
- Hyperventilating
- Stare at your hand for 2 minutes
How does cognitive therapy stack up?
Advantages
- Successful treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, eating disorder
- Combined with other appriches makes this an effective form of treatment
Disadvantages
- Life is sometimes irrational; it doesn’t acknowledge this
- Logical thinking might not always be helpful
Cognitive Approach to Therapy
Rational emotive therapy
Attempts to restructure a person’s belief system in a more realistic, rational and logical set of views
- By challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior
- Helos elimate maladaptive cognition & adopt more effective thinking
- Belifes –> Negative emotions –> irrational beliefs –> self defeating cycle
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT): works to change how people think and act
- Equals Cognitive therapy (Making people aware of irrational, negative thoughts and replacing them)
- Plus behavioral therapy (teaching people to practice & engage in more positive, healthy approaches)
