Topic 15 - Part 2 Flashcards
Agression
Is any physcial or verbal beahvour deliberate failure to act - that is intended to harm another person
Hostile vs. instrumental aggrestion
Intention is important
Agression: situational influences
Frustration aggression theory
- When humans are prevented from achieving an important goal, they become frustrated & aggressive
Evolutionary theory
- Aggression serves as an evolunatory function
Culture of honour
A man has the right to kill in order to defend his family and friends
IV: (1) bumped and insulted by confederate or (2) passes without incident
DV: Testostrone levels, handshake
ABC model of attitudes
A - Attitude - Affective
B - Behavioural
C - Cogntive
Persuasion
An attempt to change someone attitude in order to change their behaviour
Routes to Persuasion: Elaboration Likelihood Model
Dual process moderl says there are 2 pathways to persudaing others
Central route
- Focuses on informational content
Pheripheral route
- Focuses on surface aspects
Peripheral cues
Percieved credibility
Attractiveness
Source expertise
Humor
Good ratings
Endrosement
What determines route selection
Mostly motivation & ability, but aslo the source, the message, and the audience
For example
- source speaks clearly + important message + motivated audience –> central route
- Soures speas very quickly + message is trivial OR to complex/audince is distracted, in a rush, uninterested –> peripheral route
- The route
Persuasivness of the messge can be enchned or hinder by source
Source credibility
- Appeance of edxprise and trustworthiness can encourage peripheral processing of message
- Source credibility = peripheral cue
- The message characteristics
Two-sided messages
- Are more effective than one sided
Anecdotes vs. statistical evidence
- The vivd description of a case can have a stronger influence on attitudes than statiscs
Mesasge characteristics: Emotional Appeals
Any type of appeal or persuasvie message that tries to arouse a specific emotion
Make the customer feel good, secure, excited OR fearful
Fear appears to effectiveness when they provide the audience with a means to reudecc the fear
- Audience characteristics
Who is most easily presuaded
- Between 18 - 25 in age
- Low self esteem
- NOrmal to low intelligence
- low in NFC
- People trying to make a good impression
Cognitive dissonane
Unpleasant mental expirence of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
- Motivated to reduce or eliminate it
- Measure of performance study
- Change the behavior
- Change out conditions thoruhgt rationlizing or denial
- Adding new cognition
Steryotype
A specific belife or assumption about indibiduals based solely on their membership in a group
Discrimination
A negative action towards an indivual as a result of ones membership in a particular group
Prejudice
A negative attitude and feeling towards an individual based solely on ones membership in a particular social group
Explicit prejudice
- Negative feelings openly admitted
Implicit prejudice
- Automatic, unconscious in-group preferences - biases that people hold on to without being fully aware of them
Implicit association test
IAT detects automatic assosciations between concept like thinking “bad” with a specific group
Shorter bias
- Officers are more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed black suspects due to uncinous association
Traning and exposure
- Expousre to counter stereotypical imagery can reduce bias
Race - natural polices
- “Colorblind” polices can reinforce racial inequality by failing to address underlying biases
Impact on community trust
- Racial disparities in policing erode trust between law enfromcent communities
Foundations of prejudice
Prejudice is a learned behavior - steryotypes are learned via parents, school & mass media
Social identity theory
We use group memership as a source of pride & self worth
- groups we belong to furnish us with a sense of self respect
- View members of outgroups as inferior to ingroup
- Results in prejudice towards outgroups
Covert racism
Rainville football broadcast study
- Analysed live broadcasts of professional football game, white players were more often recipients of sympathy, positive focus, play-related praise
Black players are more often described as recipients of aggression & having negative, nonprofessional records
Reducing consequences of prejudice & discrimination
- Increasing contact
- Between the target of the stereotype and the holder of the stereotype
- Making
- Positive values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous
- Proving information
- About the objects of steryptyping
Robbers Cave study findings
Compettion leads to hostility, working togher to ahive a common goal promotes friendship
